tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87284160478301249432024-02-08T11:40:57.695-08:00SERBA SERBI It's about how we learn Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.comBlogger64125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-74635201747014592892022-07-07T06:07:00.004-07:002022-07-07T06:07:38.809-07:00Buku elektronik: Hukum Newton 1<p><a href="https://read.bookcreator.com/KSiVwIdV3wZPsvP4TNZRftYw5YA2/BdM9vHnCTuKL4h_KkduPGQ">https://read.bookcreator.com/KSiVwIdV3wZPsvP4TNZRftYw5YA2/BdM9vHnCTuKL4h_KkduPGQ</a> </p>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-20027690178290943882013-10-22T23:00:00.000-07:002013-10-22T23:00:12.548-07:00PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER MELALUI BAHAN AJAR GELOMBANG BUNYI BERBASIS ALAT MUSIK TRADISIONAL BETAWI PADA MATA PELAJARAN FISIKA KELAS XII<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Abstrak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kondisi kekinian masyarakat Indonesia yang majemuk sedang
mengalami banyak ujian. Konflik SARA banyak terjadi di berbagai daerah. Para
praktisi pendidikan seyogyanya turut tergugah dan terpanggil untuk memberikan
solusi cerdas dan praktis demi menjaga keutuhan NKRI melalui ide-ide alternatif
yang kreatif dan inovatif di bidang pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pendidikan bukan merupakan sarana transfer ilmu
pengetahuan saja, tetapi lebih luas lagi yakni sebagai sarana pembudayaan dan
penyaluran nilai (enkulturisasi dan sosialisasi). Pendidikan karakter dapat
diintegrasikan dalam pembelajaran pada setiap mata pelajaran. Materi
pembelajaran yang berkaitan dengan norma atau nilai-nilai pada setiap mata
pelajaran dapat dikembangkan dan dikaitkan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari dan
nilai-nilai kearifan lokal dan budaya.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagi warga DKI Jakarta, alat musik tradisional Betawi
memiliki sejumlah nilai luhur yang patut diwariskan kepada generasi penerus
bangsa. Pembelajaran fisika yang mengetengahkan topik Gelombang Bunyi dapat
membahas alat musik tradisional betawi secara fisis dan menanamkan nilai-nilai
luhur yang terkandung di dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kata kunci : karakter, pendidikan, bahan ajar fisika,
alat musik tradisional, Betawi <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-33269881003947579462013-04-04T18:49:00.000-07:002013-04-04T18:54:54.722-07:00SOAL GELOMBANG ELEKTROMAGNET<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Perhatikan
spectrum gelombang berikut ini!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinar
Infra merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinar Gamma</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cahaya Tampak</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelombang Radio</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Urutan
spektrum gelombang elektromagentik dari frekuensi terkecil ke frekuensi
terbesar adalah….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,
2, 3, dan 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2, 1 , 3, dan 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2, 3, 4, dan 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4, 1, 3 dan 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4, 1, 3. dan 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">2. .<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Perhatikan sifat cahaya berikut
ini!</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dapat dibelokkan oleh medan listrik dan medan
magnet<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">merambat
lurus<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">merupakan
gelombang transversal dan longitudinal<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mengalami
polarisasi, refleksi dan refraksi <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">mengalami
lenturan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Yang termasuk sifat gelombang
elektromagnetik adalah…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1, 2, dan 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1, 4, dan 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2, 3, dan 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2,
4, dan 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3, 4, dan 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah pemancar radio menggunakan
panjang gelombang 500 m jika diketahui kecepatan gelombng elektromagnetik 3 x
10<sup>8</sup> m/s, maka frekuensi pemancar radio tersebt adalah .... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">600 Hz<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6000 Hz</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">1500 GHz<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">600
x </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10<sup>8 </sup></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hz<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">1500
x </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10<sup>8 </sup></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">G</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hz</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari antena pesawat terbang dipancarkan
pulsa radar yang dapat diterima kembali dalam waktu 0,0004 s. Jarak obyek ke
pesawat terbang tersebut adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15
km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30 km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60
km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">120
km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1200
km<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Aplikasi Sinar X pada bidang industri dan kedokteran
adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pengecatan
mobil dan penyembuhan penyakit encok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">menganalisis
struktur kristal dan membunuh kuman <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pengeringan
cat mobil dan perawatan medis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">menganalisis
struktur kristal dan memunuh kuman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">me</span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">nganalisis struktur kristal dan memotret tulang
dalam tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.
</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhatikan hal-hal berikut ini!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">1. Jangkauan luas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">2. Suara bersih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">3. Fekuensi 10<sup>4</sup> – 10<sup>7</sup>Hz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">4. Suara berisik dan kadang-kadang berderau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">5. Informasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">berasal dari</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> modulasi frekuensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">6. Jangkauan sempit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dari pernyataan di atas</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> yang merupakan karakteristik radio FM adalah....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1, 2, dan 6<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1 , 3, dan 4<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 3, 4,
dan 5<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 2, 5
dan 6<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 3,
4 dan 6<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-26315415097691642892013-02-27T17:20:00.001-08:002013-02-27T17:20:14.368-08:00UTS FISIKA KELAS X SEMESTER GENAP<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
mata yang berfungsi sebagai layar adalah...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pupil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Iris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lensa
kristalin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saraf
mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seorang
penderita myopi memiliki titik jauh 1 m dan ingin melihat normal. Kacamata yang
diperlukannya memiliki kekuatan lensa ...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+ ¼ D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">– ¼ D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+1 D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">– 1 D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+ 3 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0">
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1">
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1">
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0">
</v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 22.5pt; width: 5.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\INTANI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Titik
dekat mata seseorang 200 cm. Agar orang tersebut dapat melihat dengan jelas</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pada jarak 25 cm, maka ia memerlukan kacamata berkekuatan
.... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0,25
diop</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0,50
diop</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">1,75
diop</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2,50
diop</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3,75 diop</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seorang
tukang arloji memiliki mata normal, memakai lup yang mempunyai jarak fokus 12,5
cm. Perbesaran bayangan lup yang dihasilkan pada saat mata berakomodasi
adalah.... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">1
kali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2
kali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3 kali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4
kali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">5
kali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
bayangan yang dibentuk oleh mata adalah....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">nyata, terbalik, diper</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kecil</span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">nyata,
tegak, diperbesar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">nyata,
terbalik, sama besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">maya,
tegak, diperbesar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">maya,
terbalik, diperbesar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran
jarak fokus lensa obyektif <i>f<sub>ob</sub></i> dan <i>f<sub>ok</sub></i> pada miroskop adalah...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f<sub>ob</sub></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
> <i>f<sub>ok</sub></i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f<sub>ob</sub></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
< <i>f<sub>ok</sub></i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f<sub>ob</sub></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
= <i>f<sub>ok</sub></i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f<sub>ob</sub></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
= 2<i>f<sub>ok</sub></i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<i>f<sub>ob</sub></i>
= <i>f<sub>ok</sub></i></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebuah
teropong bintang menghasilkan perbesaran 20 kali. Jika jarak fokus lensa
objektif 100 cm, maka jarak antara lensa objektif dan lensa okuler adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">150
cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">125
cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">120
cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">105 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">100
cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cacat
mata astigmatisma yang tidak dapat membedakan garis vertikal dan horizontal
dengan baik dapat diperbaiki dengan menggunakan lensa....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">bikonvek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">bikonkaf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">silind</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ris</span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">plan
konkaf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">plan
konvek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Sebuah mikroskop dengan
jarak fokus lensa 10 mm, dan lensa okulernya 4 cm. Jika sebuah benda
ditempatkan 11 mm di depan lensa
obyektif, maka perbesaran yang dihasilkan adalah...kali</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">60,5<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">61,3<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">61,5<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">62,3<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">62,5<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
peristiwa perubahan wujud melebur dan membeku, yang tidak berubah adalah ...
zat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">suhu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">kalor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">wujud<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">volume<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">bentuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah
balok besi memiliki massa 1 kg. Balok tersebut dipanaskan dari suhu 14<sup>0</sup>C
sampai 30<sup>0</sup>C. Jika energi yang diperlukan 7200 J, maka kalor jenis
balok tersebut adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">1152
J/kgK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">450 J/kgK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">160
J/kgK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">45
J/kgK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16 J/kgK</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalor
jenis alumunium 0,215 kal/g<sup>o</sup>C dan kalor jenis perak 0,056 kal/g<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
data ini menunjukkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1). alumunium lebih mudah dipanaskan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(2). titik didih perak lebih rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(3). kalor jenis perak berubah bila
massanya berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pernyataan yang benar adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">(1) D.
</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">(1) dan (2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">(2)</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;"> E.
(1) dan (3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">(3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu
lempeng tembaga mempunyai luas 500 cm<sup>2</sup> pada suhu 10<sup>o</sup>C.
Jika koefien muai panjang tembaga 1,67 X 10<sup>-5</sup> /<sup>0</sup>C, maka
luas lempeng pada suhu 70<sup>0</sup>C adalah...cm<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500,167<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">501,233<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">501, 002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">502,003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">502,004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">15. Perpindahan kalor secara konduksi terjadi ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">perbedaan
suhu permukaan benda dengan lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">melalui interaksi atom-atom atau molekul-molekul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">disertai
perpindahan partikel-partikel zat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">akibat
terjadi perbedaan massa jenis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">akibat
pancaran gelombang elelektromagnetik</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Berikut ini yang merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">contoh peristiwa
perpindahan</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> kalor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
secara radiasi</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> adalah ...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">ventilasi
kamar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">cerbong
asap <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">angin
darat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">menyetrika
pakaian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">efek rumah kaca</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah
lempeng besi yang tebalnya 2 cm dan luas penampang 5000 cm<sup>2</sup>, salah
satu sisinya bersuhu 150<sup>0</sup>C sedangkan sisi lainnya bersuhu 140<sup>0</sup>C.
Jika konduktivitas termal besi 0,115 kal/s.cm<sup>o</sup>C maka laju
perpindahan kalor lempeng besi adalah...kal/s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2880<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1150 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">288<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
terjadi kesetimbangan pada suhu 50<sup>o</sup>C, jumlah air bersuhu 30<sup>o</sup>C
harus dicampur dengan 3 liter air bersuhu 100<sup>o</sup>C adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">4
liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">5
liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">7,5 liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">10
liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;">12,5
liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
akhir percampuran dua bahan yang berbeda
suhunya akan didapatkan keseimbangan termal, artinya ...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">suhu
akhir lebih kecil dari suhu awal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">suhu kedua bahan sama besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">perpindahan
panas terus berlangsung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">suhu
awal sama dengan suhu akhir campuran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">besarnya
suhu akhir sama dengan pengurangan suhu kedua benda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam sebuah bejana yang massanya diabaikan
terdapat A gram air yang suhunya 42<sup>0 </sup>C dicampur dengan B gram es
yang suhunya - 4<sup>0</sup>C, setelah diaduk ternyata 50 % es melebur. Jika
titik lebur es 0<sup>0</sup> C, kalor jenis es 0,5 kal/gr<sup>0</sup>C, dan
kalor lebur es 80 kal/gr<sup>0</sup>C. Perbandingan antara A dan B adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2 : 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2 : 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2 : 1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1 : 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> 1 : 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-77774813843443317972013-01-31T04:07:00.003-08:002013-01-31T04:07:37.303-08:00SOAL RADIASI BENDA HITAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suhu permukaan suatu benda adalah 210<sup>0</sup>C.
Jika tetapan Wien adalah 2,898 x 10<sup>-3 </sup>mK, maka berapakah panjang
gelombang radiasi pada intensitas maksimum yang dipancarkan oleh permukaan
tersebut ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Dua buah lampu pijar masing – masing mempunyai suhu 27<sup>0</sup> C
dan jari-jari lampu pertama dua kali jari-jari lampu kedua. Maka perbandingan
daya radiasi lampu pertama terhadap lampu kedua adalah ….</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">Panjang gelombang suatu foto 5 x 10<sup>3</sup> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><img height="28" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="16" /></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengenai suatu
permukaan logam yang energi Ambangnya 2 eV. Jika c = 3,10<sup>8</sup> m/s , h =
6,63 . 10<sup>-34</sup> <span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="18" /></span>. Maka berapakah besar energi kinetik elektron foto
jika 1 eV = 1,6 x 10<sup>-19</sup> joule ?</span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; line-height: 19px;">4. </span> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan terjadinya global warming berkaitan
dengan radiasi benda hitam!</span></span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span lang="IN">5. Berapakah panjang gelombang de
Broglie suatu electron yang bergerak dengan kecepatan 1/9,1</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -7.5pt; position: relative; top: 7.5pt;"></span><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 10<sup>4</sup> m/s ?. Maka berapakah besar energi kinetik elektron foto
jika 1 eV = 1,6 x 10<sup>-19</sup> joule ?</span></span></span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span lang="IN"><spa -5.0pt="" e="" mso-text-raise:="" n:relative="" top:5.0pt="" y=""></spa></span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-27418520675834791652013-01-21T07:58:00.001-08:002013-01-21T07:58:50.887-08:00Soal Ulangan Alat Optik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pilihlah salah satu jawaban yang benar !<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> 1. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di
antara benda di bawah ini, yang merupakan alat optic adalah…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">prisma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">cermin
cembung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kaca
plan parallel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lensa
sferis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> 2. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berikut
ini adalah Alat optic yang menggunakan lensa cembung kecuali…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mikroskop
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teropong
bintang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teropong
panggung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kaca
spion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seorang
penderita miopi harus dibantu dengan … agar dapat melihat normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cermin
cekung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cermin
cembung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lensa
cekung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lensa
cembung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lensa
bifocal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat
optic yang memiliki dua jenis lensa cembung, obyektif dan okuler dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">f<sub>ob</sub></i> > <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">f<sub>ok</sub> </i>adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mikroskop
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kacamata
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teropong
bintang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Periskop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian
mata yang berfungi sebagai pembentuk bayangan benda yang dilihat adalah …<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pupil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Iris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kornea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lensa
mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Retina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fungsi
pupil pada mata adalah…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memberi
warna pada mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengatur
jumlah cahaya yang masuk ke mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengatur
daya akomodasi mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">tempat
jatuhnya bayangan benda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">membentuk
bayangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">fungsi
lensa cekung adalah…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengoreksi
astigmatisma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengoreksi
miopi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengoreksi
hipermetropi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengoreksi
presbiopi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengurangi
katarak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat
bayangan yang terbentuk oleh mata adalah…</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maya,
tegak, diperkecil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maya,tegak,
diperbesar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maya,
terbalik, diperbesar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nyata,
tegak, diperbesar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nyata,
terbalik, diperkecil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-91412515827619474602012-11-04T23:31:00.003-08:002012-12-10T00:29:02.593-08:00IMPROVING STUDENT’S OF CLASS XII IPA-1 AT MAN 8 JAKARTA ABILITY IN CRITICAL THINKING BY USING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING METHOD<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Many successful students complete their
assignments, do well on tests, and get good grades</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> yet</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> they</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> don’t ever
learn to think critically and deeply. Our schools turn out students who think
too superficially, staying on the surface of problem rather than stretching
their minds and becoming deeply engaged in meaningful thinking. Teacher should</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">guide students to be better thinker</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method is
one way to encourage students to think critically. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The problem which </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">is </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">investigated in this research is the
implementation of problem-based learning method to improv</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">student’s
ability</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> in critical thinking in physics.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The subject
of this research </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">is </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">the students of class XII IPA-1 at MAN 8 East Jakarta.
To </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">solve </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this problem</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> the
researcher using classroom action research (CAR) </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">esign.
Kurt-Lewin model’s CAR involves four steps</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Planning</span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Action, Observing and
Reflecting in every cycle</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> in this research</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> All of data from this research is
analyzed by descriptive statistic.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">The increas</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sing</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> score of student’s test from 6.2 to
7.5 (21%</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">) </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">is significant improvement from </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">the beginning</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> to </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">the end of the</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> cycle. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">he
questionnaire has </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">showed</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> that all of students (100%) </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">enjoy</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> PBL method</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Besides, they</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> can think
better in critical way, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">and</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> understand instruction better</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Although</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 18% students feel that </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Problem-Based Learning</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> method </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">is </span></i><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">uneas</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">y, it</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> can improve
the ability in critical thinking of the students.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Key Word: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Problem-Based
Learning</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, Critical Thinking, student,
physics</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></i></div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-87587957182150593062012-10-30T20:58:00.000-07:002012-10-30T20:58:37.599-07:00PRAKTIKUM PENGUKURAN DAN MASSA JENIS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.5in;">
Alat
dan Bahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1) balok kayu, balok alumunium, balok
tembaga, ring</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
2) jangka sorong</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
3) neraca O Hauss</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Lakukan pengukuran dengan menggunakan jangka sorong
dan neraca O’Hauss kemudian ukurlah :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
a. Massa balok dan ring</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
b. Panjang balok dan diameter ring</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
c. Volume masing-masing benda</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b>Persiapan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Aturlah Neraca O’Hauss untuk mengukur massa benda di
posisi seimbangnya (di kalibrasi). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Siapkan jangka sorong untuk mengukur panjang dan
diameter benda (balok kayu, balok alumunium, balok tembaga dan ring )</div>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pelaksanaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Ukurlah massa dan panjang/diameter benda dengan
menggunakan Neraca O’Hauss dan jangka sorong, selanjutnya isikan pada tabel.</div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.7pt;" valign="top" width="44">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
No.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Benda</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.95pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Massa (g)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Panjang/diameter (cm)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Volume(cm<sup>3</sup>)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.7pt;" valign="top" width="44">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
1.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Balok kayu</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.95pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.7pt;" valign="top" width="44">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
2.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Balok alumunium</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.95pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.7pt;" valign="top" width="44">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
3.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Balok tembaga</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.95pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.7pt;" valign="top" width="44">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.65pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.95pt;" valign="top" width="89">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.7pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hasil
percobaan:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Massa jenis benda merupakan perbandingan massa dan
volume benda, sehingga dapat dirumuskan:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:35.25pt;
height:30.75pt' o:ole="">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="47" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1413186171">
</o:OLEObject>
</xml><![endif]--></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran benda maka dapat
ditentukan massa jenis benda, selanjutnya isikan pada tabel: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">No.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.75pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Benda<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Massa
jenis(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
1.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.75pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Balok kayu</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
2.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.75pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Balok alumunium</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
3.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.75pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
Balok tembaga</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.6pt;" valign="top" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
4.</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.75pt;" valign="top" width="157">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-23885548704391094972012-09-10T05:18:00.000-07:002012-09-15T07:07:50.456-07:00Teori–teori Kebenaran Dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #818181; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px;"><b>Oleh : Intan Irawati</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #818181; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; color: #818181; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"><strong>PENDAHULUAN</strong><br />Manusia selalu berusaha menemukan kebenaran. Beberapa cara ditempuh untuk memperoleh kebenaran, antara lain dengan menggunakan rasio seperti para rasionalis dan melalui pengalaman atau empiris. Pengalaman-pengalaman yang diperoleh manusia membuahkan prinsip-prinsip yang lewat penalaran rasional, kejadian-kejadian yang berlaku di alam itu dapat dimengerti.<br /><br />Ilmu pengetahuan harus dibedakan dari fenomena alam. Fenomena alam adalah fakta, kenyataan yang tunduk pada hukum-hukum yang menyebabkan fenomena itu muncul. Ilmu pengetahuan adalah formulasi hasil aproksimasi atas fenomena alam atau simplifikasi atas fenomena tersebut.<br /><br />Struktur pengetahuan manusia menunjukkan tingkatan-tingkatan dalam hal menangkap kebenaran. Setiap tingkat pengetahuan dalam struktur tersebut menunjukkan tingkat kebenaran yang berbeda. Pengetahuan inderawi merupakan struktur terendah dalam struktur tersebut. Tingkat pengetahuan yang lebih tinggi adalah pengetahuan rasional dan intuitif. Tingkat yang lebih rendah menangkap kebenaran secara tidak lengkap, tidak terstruktur, dan pada umumnya kabur, khususnya pada pengetahuan inderawi dan naluri. Oleh sebab itulah pengetahuan ini harus dilengkapi dengan pengetahuan yang lebih tinggi.<br />Pada tingkat pengetahuan rasional-ilmiah, manusia melakukan penataan pengetahuannya agar terstruktur dengan jelas.<br /><br />Ilmu dicirikan dengan pemakaian sistem dan metode ilmiah yang dapat diberikan dalam berbagai bentuk. Metode ilmu dapat bersifat sangat teoritis dan apriori dengan membuat unsur-unsur bangunannya sendiri. Metode ilmu juga dapat bersifat empiris dengan unsur-unsur bangunan yang seakan-akan diolah dari lingkungan.<br /><br />Metode ilmiah yang dipakai dalam suatu ilmu tergantung dari objek ilmu yang bersangkutan. Macam-macam objek ilmu antara lain fisiko-kimia, mahluk hidup, psikis, sosio politis, humanistis dan religius.<br />Filsafat ilmu memiliki tiga cabang kajian yaitu ontologi, epistemologi dan aksiologi.<br />Ontologi membahas tentang apa itu realitas. Dalam hubungannya dengan ilmu pengetahuan, filsafat ini membahas tentang apa yang bisa dikategorikan sebagai objek ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam ilmu pengetahuan modern, realitas hanya dibatasi pada hal-hal yang bersifat materi dan kuantitatif. Ini tidak terlepas dari pandangan yang materialistik-sekularistik. Kuantifikasi objek ilmu pengetahuan berari bahwa aspek-aspek alam yang bersifat kualitatif menjadi diabaikan.<br />Epistemologis membahas masalah metodologi ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam ilmu pengetahuan modern, jalan bagi diperolehnya ilmu pengetahuan adalah metode ilmiah dengan pilar utamanya rasionalisme dan empirisme.<br />Aksiologi menyangkut tujuan diciptakannya ilmu pengetahuan, mempertimbangkan aspek pragmatis-materialistis.<br />Dari semua pengetahuan, maka ilmu merupakan pengetahuan yang aspek ontologi, epistemologi, dan aksiologinya telah jauh lebih berkembang dibandingkan dengan pengetahuan-pengetahuan lain, dilaksanakan secara konsekuen dan penuh disiplin (Jujun S.Suriasumantri, 1998). Kerangka filsafat di atas akan memudahkan pemahaman mengenai keterkaitan berbagai ilmu dalam mencari kebenaran.<br /><br />1. TEORI KEBENARAN KORESPONDENSI<br />Teori kebenaran korespondensi adalah teori yang berpandangan bahwa pernyataan-pernyataan adalah benar jika berkorespondensi terhadap fakta atau pernyataan yang ada di alam atau objek yang dituju pernyataan tersebut. Kebenaran atau suatu keadaan dikatakan benar jika ada kesesuaian antara arti yang dimaksud oleh suatu pendapat dengan fakta. Suatu proposisi adalah benar apabila terdapat suatu fakta yang sesuai dan menyatakan apa adanya. Teori ini sering diasosiasikan dengan teori-teori empiris pengetahuan.<br /><br />Gejala-gejala alamiah, menurut kaum empiris, adalah bersifat kongkret dan dapat dinyatakan lewat panca indera manusia. Gejala itu bila ditelaah mempunyai beberapa karakteristik tertentu. Logam bila dipanaskan akan memuai. Air akan mengalir ke tempat yang rendah. Pengetahuan inderawi bersifat parsial. Hal ini disebabkan adanya perbedaan antara indera yang satu dengan yang lain dan berbedanya objek yang dapat ditangkap indera. Perbedaan sensivitas tiap indera dan organ-organ tertentu menyebabkan kelemahan ilmu empiris.<br />Ilmu pengetahuan empiris hanyalah merupakan salah satu upaya manusia dalam menemukan kebenaran yang hakiki dengan segala kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Penyusunan pengetahuan secara empiris cenderung menjadi suatu kumpulan fakta yang belum tentu bersifat konsisten, dan mungkin saja bersifat kontradiktif. Adanya kecenderungan untuk mengistimewakan ilmu eksakta sebagai ilmu empiris untuk mengatasi berbagai masalah yang dihadapi manusia tidak selalu tepat. Pengistimewaan pengetahuan empiris secara kultural membuat manusia modern seperti pabrik. Semua cabang kebudayaan yang terbentuk menjadi produksi yang bersifat massal.<br /><br />Keberhasilan ilmu eksakta yang berdasarkan empirisme dalam mengembangkan teknologi -ketika berhadapan dengan ”kegagalan ” ilmu-ilmu human dalam menjawab masalah manusia- membawa dampak buruk terhadap kedudukan dan pengembangan ilmu-ilmu human. Analisis filsafat tentang kenyataan ini harus ditempatkan secara proporsional, karena merupakan suatu usaha ilmiah untuk membantu manusia mengungkap misteri kehidupannya secara utuh.<br /><br /><strong>2. TEORI KEBENARAN KOHERENSI ATAU KONSISTENSI</strong>Teori kebenaran koherensi adalah teori kebenaran yang didasarkan kepada kriteria koheren atau konsistensi. Suatu pernyataan disebut benar bila sesuai dengan jaringan komprehensif dari pernyataan-pernyataan yang berhubungan secara logis. Pernyataan-pernyataan ini mengikuti atau membawa kepada pernyataan yang lain. Seperti sebuah percepatan terdiri dari konsep-konsep yang saling berhubungan dari massa, gaya dan kecepatan dalam fisika.<br />Kebenaran tidak hanya terbentuk oleh hubungan antara fakta atau realitas saja, tetapi juga hubungan antara pernyataan-pernyataan itu sendiri. Dengan kata lain, suatu pernyataan adalah benar apabila konsisten dengan pernyataan-pernyataan yang terlebih dahulu kita terima dan kita ketahui kebenarannya.<br />Salah satu dasar teori ini adalah hubungan logis dari suatu proposisi dengan proposisi sebelumnya. Proposisi atau pernyataan adalah apa yang dinyatakan, diungkapkan dan dikemukakan atau menunjuk pada rumusan verbal berupa rangkaian kata-kata yang digunakan untuk mengemukakan apa yang hendak dikemukakan. Proposisi menunjukkan pendirian atau pendapat tentang hubungan antara dua hal dan merupakan gabungan antara faktor kuantitas dan kualitas. Contohnya tentang hakikat manusia, baru dikatakan utuh jika dilihat hubungan antara kepribadian, sifat, karakter, pemahaman dan pengaruh lingkungan. Psikologi strukturalisme berusaha mencari strukturasi sifat-sifat manusia dan hubungan-hubungan yang tersembunyi dalam kepribadiannya.<br />Pengetahuan rasional yang berdasarkan logika tidak hanya terbatas pada kepekaan indera tertentu dan tidak hanya tertuju pada objek-objek tertentu. Gagasan rasionalistis dan positivistis cenderung untuk menyisihkan seluruh pemahaman yang didapat secara refleksi. Pemikiran rasional cenderung bersifat solifistik dan subyektif. Adanya keterkaitan antara materi dengan non materi, dunia fisik dan non fisik ditolak secara logika. Apabila kerangka ini digunakan secara luas dan tak terbatas, maka manusia akan kehilangan cita rasa batiniahnya yang berfungsi pokok untuk menumbuhkan apa yang didambakan seluruh umat manusia yaitu kebahagiaan.<br /><br /><strong>3. TEORI KEBENARAN PRAGMATIS</strong><br />Teori kebenaran pragmatis adalah teori yang berpandangan bahwa arti dari ide dibatasi oleh referensi pada konsekuensi ilmiah, personal atau sosial. Benar tidaknya suatu dalil atau teori tergantung kepada berfaedah tidaknya dalil atau teori tersebut bagi manusia untuk kehidupannya. Kebenaran suatu pernyataan harus bersifat fungsional dalam kehidupan praktis.<br />Menurut teori ini proposisi dikatakan benar sepanjang proposisi itu berlaku atau memuaskan. Apa yang diartikan dengan benar adalah yang berguna (useful) dan yang diartikan salah adalah yang tidak berguna (useless). Bagi para pragmatis, batu ujian kebenaran adalah kegunaan (utility), dapat dikerjakan (workability) dan akibat atau pengaruhnya yang memuaskan (satisfactory consequences). Teori ini tidak mengakui adanya kebenaran yang tetap atau mutlak.<br />Francis Bacon pernah menyatakan bahwa ilmu pengetahuan harus mencari keuntungan-keuntungan untuk memperkuat kemampuan manusia di bumi. Ilmu pengetahuan manusia hanya berarti jika nampak dalam kekuasaan manusia. Dengan kata lain ilmu pengetahuan manusia adalah kekuasaan manusia. Hal ini membawa jiwa bersifat eksploitatif terhadap alam karena tujuan ilmu adalah mencari manfaat sebesar mungkin bagi manusia.<br />Manusia dengan segala segi dan kerumitan hidupnya merupakan titik temu berbagai disiplin ilmu. Hidup manusia seutuhnya merupakan objek paling kaya dan paling padat. Ilmu pengetahuan seyogyanya bisa melayani keperluan dan keselamatan manusia. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan manusia mengenai dirinya sendiri, tujuan-tujuannya dan cara-cara pengembangannya ternyata belum dapat dijawab oleh ilmu pengetahuan yang materialis-pragmatis tanpa referensi kepada nilai-nilai moralitas.<br />Aksiologi ilmu pengetahuan modern yang dibingkai semangat pragmatis-materialis ini telah menyebabkan berbagai krisis lingkungan hidup, mulai dari efek rumah kaca akibat akumulasi berlebihan CO2, pecahnya lapisan ozon akibat penggunaan freon berlebihan, penyakit minimata akibat limbah methylmercury hingga bahaya nuklir akibat persaingan kekuasaan antar negara. Ketiadaan nilai dalam ilmu pengetahuan modern yang menjadikan sains untuk sains, bahkan sains adalah segalanya, telah mengakibatkan krisis kemanusiaan. Krisis lingkungan dan kemanusiaan, mulai dari genetic engineering hingga foules solitaire (kesepian dalam keramaian, penderitaan dalam kemelimpahan). Manusia telah tercerabut dari aspek-aspek utuhnya, cinta, kehangatan, kekerabatan, dan ketenangan. Kedua krisis global ini telah menghantui sebagian besar lingkungan dan masyarakat modern yang materialis-pragmatis.<br /><br /><strong>4. TEORI KEBENARAN PERFORMATIF</strong><br />Teori ini menyatakan bahwa kebenaran diputuskan atau dikemukakan oleh pemegang otoritas tertentu. Contoh pertama mengenai penetapan 1 Syawal. Sebagian muslim di Indonesia mengikuti fatwa atau keputusan MUI atau pemerintah, sedangkan sebagian yang lain mengikuti fatwa ulama tertentu atau organisasi tertentu. Contoh kedua adalah pada masa rezim orde lama berkuasa, PKI mendapat tempat dan nama yang baik di masyarakat. Ketika rezim orde baru, PKI adalah partai terlarang dan semua hal yang berhubungan atau memiliki atribut PKI tidak berhak hidup di Indonesia. Contoh lainnya pada masa pertumbuhan ilmu, Copernicus (1473-1543) mengajukan teori heliosentris dan bukan sebaliknya seperti yang difatwakan gereja. Masyarakat menganggap hal yang benar adalah apa-apa yang diputuskan oleh gereja walaupun bertentangan dengan bukti-bukti empiris.<br />Dalam fase hidupnya, manusia kadang kala harus mengikuti kebenaran performatif. Pemegang otoritas yang menjadi rujukan bisa pemerintah, pemimpin agama, pemimpin adat, pemimpin masyarakat, dan sebagainya. Kebenaran performatif dapat membawa kepada kehidupan sosial yang rukun, kehidupan beragama yang tertib, adat yang stabil dan sebagainya.<br />Masyarakat yang mengikuti kebenaran performatif tidak terbiasa berpikir kritis dan rasional. Mereka kurang inisiatif dan inovatif, karena terbiasa mengikuti kebenaran dari pemegang otoritas. Pada beberapa daerah yang masyarakatnya masih sangat patuh pada adat, kebenaran ini seakan-akan kebenaran mutlak. Mereka tidak berani melanggar keputusan pemimpin adat dan tidak terbiasa menggunakan rasio untuk mencari kebenaran.<br /><br /><strong>5. TEORI KEBENARAN KONSENSUS</strong><br />Suatu teori dinyatakan benar jika teori itu berdasarkan pada paradigma atau perspektif tertentu dan ada komunitas ilmuwan yang mengakui atau mendukung paradigma tersebut.<br />Banyak sejarawan dan filosof sains masa kini menekankan bahwa serangkaian fenomena atau realitas yang dipilih untuk dipelajari oleh kelompok ilmiah tertentu ditentukan oleh pandangan tertentu tentang realitas yang telah diterima secara apriori oleh kelompok tersebut. Pandangan apriori ini disebut paradigma oeh Kuhn dan world view oleh Sardar. Paradigma ialah apa yang dimiliki bersama oleh anggota-anggota suatu masyarakat sains atau dengan kata lain masyarakat sains adalah orang-orang yang memiliki suatu paradigma bersama.<br />Masyarakat sains bisa mencapai konsensus yang kokoh karena adanya paradigma. Sebagai konstelasi komitmen kelompok, paradigma merupakan nilai-nilai bersama yang bisa menjadi determinan penting dari perilaku kelompok meskipun tidak semua anggota kelompok menerapkannya dengan cara yang sama. Paradigma juga menunjukkan keanekaragaman individual dalam penerapan nilai-nilai bersama yang bisa melayani fungsi-fungsi esensial ilmu pengetahuan. Paradigma berfungsi sebagai keputusan yuridiktif yang diterima dalam hukum tak tertulis.<br />Pengujian suatu paradigma terjadi setelah adanya kegagalan berlarut-larut dalam memecahkan masalah yang menimbulkan krisis. Pengujian ini adalah bagian dari kompetisi di antara dua paradigma yang bersaingan dalam memperebutkan kesetiaan masyarakat sains. Falsifikasi terhadap suatu paradigma akan menyebabkan suatu teori yang telah mapan ditolak karena hasilnya negatif. Teori baru yang memenangkan kompetisi akan mengalami verifikasi . Proses verifikasi-falsifikasi memiliki kebaikan yang sangat mirip dengan kebenaran dan memungkinkan adanya penjelasan tentang kesesuaian atau ketidaksesuaian antara fakta dan teori.<br />Pengalihkesetiaan dari paradigma lama ke paradigma baru adalah pengalaman konversi yang tidak dapat dipaksakan. Adanya perdebatan antar paradigma bukan mengenai kemampuan relatif suatu paradigma dalam memecahkan masalah, tetapi paradigma mana yang pada masa mendatang dapat menjadi pedoman riset untuk memecahkan berbagai masalah secara tuntas. Adanya jaringan yang kuat dari para ilmuwan sebagai peneliti konseptual, teori, instrumen, dan metodologi merupakan sumber utama yang menghubungkan ilmu pengetahuan dengan pemecahan berbagai masalah.<br />Dalam ilmu astronomi, keunggulan kuantitatif tabel-tabel Rudolphine dan Keppler dibandingkan yang hitungan manual Ptolomeus merupakan faktor utama dalam konversi para astronom kepada Copernicanisme. Dalam fisika modern, teori relativitas umum Einsten mendapat ejekan karena ruang itu tidak mungkin melengkung. Untuk membuat transisi kepada alam semesta Einstein, seluruh konsep ruang, waktu, materi, gaya, dan sebagainya harus diubah dan di reposisi ulang. Hanya orang-orang yang bersama-sama menjalani atau gagal menjalani transformasi akan bisa menemukan dengan tepat apa yang mereka sepakati dan apa yang tidak.<br /><br /><strong>KESIMPULAN</strong><br />Uraian dan ulasan mengenai berbagai teori kebenaran di atas telah menunjukkan kelebihan dan kekurangan dari berbagai teori kebenaran.<br />Teori Kebenaran Kelebihan Kekurangan Korespondensi sesuai dengan fakta dan empiris kumpulan fakta-fakta Koherensi bersifat rasional dan Positivistik Mengabaikan hal-hal non fisik Pragmatis fungsional-praktis tidak ada kebenaran mutlak Performatif Bila pemegang otoritas benar, pengikutnya selamat Tidak kreatif, inovatif dan kurang inisiatif Konsensus Didukung teori yang kuat dan masyarakat ilmiah Perlu waktu lama untuk menemukan kebenaran.<br /><br />Teori kebenaran yang menurut penulis paling sesuai pada masa kini adalah Teori Kebenaran Konsensus. Dengan kekuatan paradigma dan masyarakat sains pendukungnya, diharapkan kebenaran konsensus dapat menjawab berbagai problema kehidupan manusia di masa depan. Krisis global berupa krisis lingkungan dan krisis kemanusiaan yang selama ini telah dialami oleh manusia karena Sains Modern, cepat atau lambat akan dijawab oleh konsensus baru dengan paradigma yang menghasilkan metode yang lebih tepat dalam mengantisipasi krisis global tersebut.<br />Teori kebenaran yang paling lemah argumennya, adalah kebenaran performatif. Kebenaran yang kuat adalah yang didasari oleh rasio, logika dan fakta empiris serta fungsional bagi umat manusia. Kebenaran yang didukung luas oleh masyarakat ilmiah, dan menjadi rujukan kebenaran tidak hanya dalam sains tetapi juga masalah budaya dan sosial lebih baik dan kuat lagi.<br />Kelima macam teori kebenaran di atas adalah berbagai cara manusia memperoleh kebenaran yang sifatnya relatif atau nisbi. Kebenaran absolut atau kebenaran mutlak berasal dari Tuhan yang disampaikan kepada manusia melalui wahyu. Alam dan kehidupan merupakan sumber kebenaran yang tersirat dari tuhan untuk dipelajari dan diobservasi guna kebaikan umat manusia.<br /><br /><strong>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</strong><br /><br />Bakker, Anton dan Achmad Chairis Zubair. (1994). Pustaka Filsafat : Metodologi Penelitian Filsafat. Jakarta: Kanisius.<br /><br />Iman, M. Shohibul. Mencari Jalan Menuju Islamisasi IPTEK, dalam Seminar Islamisasi IPTEK. Bogor: 13 Juli 1996.<br /><br />Kuhn, Thomas S.(1993). Peran Paradigma dalam Revolusi Sains. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.<br /><br />Suriasumantri, Jujun S. (1998). Filsafat Ilmu Sebuah Pengantar Populer. Cetakan ke-11. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.<br /><br />Woodhose, Mark B. (1983). A Preface to Philosopy. 3rd ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company. </span></b></span></div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-87671298958190996872012-09-02T06:39:00.001-07:002012-09-02T06:41:09.442-07:00FISIKA KUANTUM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Mekanika kuantum di kalangan fisikawan dikenal sebagai salah satu cabang dari fisika modern. Cabang lainnya adalah mekanika relativistik. Gabungan kedua teori tersebut melahirkan teori medan kuantum yang sangat berhasil untuk menerangkan fenomena fisika benda-benda sangat kecil seperti misalnya atom dan bagian-bagiannya yang lebih kecil lagi.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><span id="fullpost" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Revolusi kuantum telah melahirkan komputer dan internet yang jantungnya adalah mikroprosesor yaitu kumpulan jutaan transistor dalam satu cip. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">Mekanika kuantum</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> adalah cabang dasar </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisika">fisika</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> yang menggantikan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekanika_klasik" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Mekanika klasik">mekanika klasik</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> pada tataran </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Atom">atom</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> dan </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatom" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Subatom">subatom</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">. Ilmu ini memberikan kerangka </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Matematika">matematika</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> untuk berbagai cabang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisika">fisika</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Kimia">kimia</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, termasuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_atom" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisika atom">fisika atom</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_molekular" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisika molekular">fisika molekular</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Kimia komputasi">kimia komputasi</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Kimia kuantum">kimia kuantum</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_partikel" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisika partikel">fisika partikel</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_nuklir" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisika nuklir">fisika nuklir</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">. Mekanika kuantum adalah bagian dari </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_medan_kuantum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #a55858; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Teori medan kuantum (halaman belum tersedia)">teori medan kuantum</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> dan </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">fisika kuantum</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> umumnya, yang, bersama </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitas_umum" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Relativitas umum">relativitas umum</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">, merupakan salah satu pilar fisika modern. Dasar dari mekanika kuantum adalah bahwa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-decoration: none;" title="Energi">energi</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;"> itu tidak kontinyu, tapi diskrit -- berupa 'paket' atau 'kuanta'. Konsep ini cukup revolusioner, karena bertentangan dengan fisika klasik yang berasumsi bahwa energi itu berkesinambungan.</span>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mekanika kuantum sangat berguna untuk menjelaskan perilaku <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atom">atom</a> dan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partikel_subatomik" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Partikel subatomik">partikel subatomik</a> seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Proton">proton</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neutron">neutron</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elektron">elektron</a> yang tidak mematuhi hukum-hukum <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_klasik" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fisika klasik">fisika klasik</a>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atom">Atom</a> biasanya digambarkan sebagai sebuah sistem di mana elektron (yang bermuatan listrik negatif) beredar seputar <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus_atom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nukleus atom">nukleus atom</a> (yang bermuatan listrik positif). Menurut mekanika kuantum, ketika sebuah elektron berpindah dari tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi (misalnya dari n=2 atau kulit atom ke-2 ) ke tingkat energi yang lebih rendah (misalnya n=1 atau kulit atom tingkat ke-1), energi berupa sebuah partikel cahaya yang disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foton">foton</a>, dilepaskan. Energi yang dilepaskan dapat dirumuskan sbb:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;"><br /><img alt="E = hf\!" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/3/7/33749553654a4df2e174db3d29a2d763.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="E\!" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/e/0/8e04ea2fbed21e24f37b273140d25ad4.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /> adalah energi (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joule">J</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="h\!" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/4/2/0/420af189b35b32d5c184fd9a4547c1d2.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /> adalah tetapan Planck, <img alt="h = 6.63 \times 10^{-34}\!" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/d/c/d/dcd9fe268ed5649c6666f0a70ca07889.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joule">J</a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detik" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Detik">s</a>), dan</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="f\!" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/4/5/c45d24fd9f9873961c277abdb8e07fd5.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" /> adalah frekuensi dari cahaya (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hertz">Hz</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">keterangan:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalam <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrometer_massa" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spektrometer massa">spektrometer massa</a>, telah dibuktikan bahwa garis-garis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spektrum">spektrum</a> dari atom yang di-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisasi" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ionisasi">ionisasi</a> tidak kontinyu, hanya pada frekuensi/panjang gelombang tertentu garis-garis spektrum dapat dilihat. Ini adalah salah satu bukti dari teori mekanika kuantum.</span></div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-64864018904735119182012-08-28T03:56:00.001-07:002012-09-10T05:15:52.739-07:00Disgrafia pada Anak Kesulitan Menulis dan Solusinya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Oleh : Intan Irawati</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Kesulitan belajar pada anak bila tidak dideteksi secara dini dan tidak dilakukan terapi yang benar, bisa menyebabkan kegagalan dalam proses pendidikan anak. Kepedulian orang tua yang tinggi dapat membantu dalam deteksi dini kesulitan belajar anak. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Riwayat penyakit terdahulu, seperti anak pernah mengalami sakit keras hingga demam tinggi, atau anak terlahir prematur, merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya kesulitan belajar. Gangguan berat akan mudah teridentifikasi, sehingga dapat terdeteksi pada usia dini. Sedangkan pada anak dengan gangguan ringan mungkin baru teridentifikasi saat usia sekolah. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Peran dokter anak pada gangguan kesulitan belajar, terutama ditujukan untuk mendeteksi tumbuh kembang anak sesuai dengan tahapan usianya. Pada umur dua atau tiga tahun pada umumnya anak-anak belum belajar menulis, namun anak telah menyukai kegiatan menulis walaupun hanya sekedar coretan yang belum bermakna. Ketika memasuki usia sekolah, kegiatan menulis merupakan hal yang menyenangkan karena mereka menyadari bahwa anak yang bisa menulis akan mendapatkan nilai baik dari gurunya. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Menulis membutuhkan perkembangan kemampuan lebih lanjut dari membaca. Perkembangan yang dikemukakan oleh Temple, Nathan, Burns; Cly: Ferreiro dan Teberosky dalam Brewer (1992) oleh Rini Hapsari :</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">1. Scribble stage. Pada tahap ini anak ditandai dengan mulainya anak menggunakan alat tulis untuk membuat coretan. Sebelum ia belajar untuk membuat bentuk, huruf yang dapat dikenali.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">2. Linear repetitive stage. Pada tahap ini anak menemukan bahwa tulisan biasanya berarah horizontal dan huruf-huruf tersusun berupa barisan pada halaman kertas. Anak juga telah mengetahui bahwa kata yang panjang akan ditulis dalam barisan huruf yang lebih panjang dibandingkan dengan kata yang pendek. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">3. Random letter stage. Pada tahap ini anak belajar mengenai bentuk coretan yang dapat diterima sebagai huruf dan dapat menuliskan huruf-huruf tersebut dalam urutan acak dengan maksud menulis kata tertentu. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">4. Letter name writing, phonetic writing. Pada tahap ini anak mulai memahami hubungan antara huruf dengan bunyi tertentu. Anak dapat menuliskan satu atau beberapa huruf untuk melambangkan suatu kata, seperti menuliskan huruf depan namanya saja, atau menulis ”bu” dengan sebagai lambang dari ”buku”</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">5. Transitional spelling. Pada tahap ini anak mulai memahami cara menulis secara konvensional, yaitu menggunakan ejaan yang berlaku umum. Anak dapat menuliskan kata yang memiliki ejaan dan bunyi sama dengan benar seperti kata ”buku”, namun masih sering salah menuliskan kata yang ejaannya mengikuti cara konvensioanl dan tidak hanya ditentukan oleh bunyi yang terdengar seperti hari ”sabtu” tidak ditulis ”saptu”, padahal kedua tulisan tersebut berbunyi sama jika dibaca</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">6. Conventional spelling. Pada tahap ini anak telah menguasai cara menulis secara konvensional yaitu menggunakan bentuk huruf dan ejaan yang berlaku umum untuk mengekspresikan berbagai ide abstrak. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Pada anak usia sekolah, perkembangan menulis telah berada pada tahap terakhir yaitu conventional spelling, selain telah dapat menulis dengan huruf dan ejaan yang benar, anak pada usia kelas dua SD telah memperhatikan aspek penampilan visual mereka.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Beberapa anak mengalami gangguan dalam menulis. Kesulitan menulis ini disebut disgrafia. Ada beberapa ciri khusus anak dengan gangguan disgrafia. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Di antaranya adalah: </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">1. Terdapat ketidakkonsistenan bentuk huruf dalam tulisannya. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">2. Saat menulis, penggunaan huruf besar dan huruf kecil masih tercampur. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">3. Ukuran dan bentuk huruf dalam tulisannya tidak proporsional. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">4. Anak tampak harus berusaha keras saat mengkomunikasikan suatu ide, pengetahuan, atau pemahamannya lewat tulisan. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">5. Sulit memegang bolpoin maupun pensil dengan mantap. Caranya memegang alat tulis seringkali terlalu dekat bahkan hampir menempel dengan kertas. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">6. Berbicara pada diri sendiri ketika sedang menulis, atau malah terlalu memperhatikan tangan yang dipakai untuk menulis. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">7. Cara menulis tidak konsisten, tidak mengikuti alur garis yang tepat dan proporsional. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">8. Tetap mengalami kesulitan meskipun hanya diminta menyalin contoh tulisan yang sudah ada. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Teori konstruksi sosial Vygotsky (dalam Santroks, 2004), memiliki tiga asumsi yaitu: (1) kemampuan kognitif anak dapat dipahami hanya ketika mereka mampu menganalisa dan menginterpretasikan sesuatu, (2) kemampuan kognitif anak dimediasi oleh penggunaan bahasa atau kata-kata sebagai alat untuk mentansformasi dan memfasilitasi aktivitas mental, (3) kemampuan kognitif berkaitan dengan hubungan sosial dan latar belakang sosial budaya. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan asumsi-asumsi tersebut Vygotsky mengemukakan tiga konsep belajar yaitu: (1) zone of proximal development (ZPD) yaitu suatu wilayah (range) antara level terendah yaitu kemampuan yang dapat diraih anak jika tanpa bimbingan hingga level tertinggi yaitu kemampuan yang dapat diraih anak jika dengan bimbingan, (2) Scaffolding yaitu teknik untuk mengubah tingkat dukungan, dan (3)Language and Thought.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Aplikasi Teori Vygotsky dapat digunakan guru dan orang tua untuk membantu anak yang mengalami Disgrafia. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Langkah-langkah yang dapat dilakukan meliputi:</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">1. Mengidentifikasi masalah Disgrafia, terdiri dari:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">a) Masalah Penggunaan huruf kapital</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">b) Ketidakkonsistenan bentuk huruf</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">c) Alur yang tidak stabil (tulisan naik turun)JxlkU</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">d) Ukuran dan bentuk huruf tidak konsisten</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">2. Menentukan ZPD pada masing-masing masalah tersebut</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">a) ZPD untuk kesalahan penggunaan huruf kapital</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">b) ZPD untuk ketidakkonsistenan bentuk huruf</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">c) ZPD untuk ketidakkonsistenan ukuran huruf</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">d) ZPD untuk ketidakstabilan alur tulisan</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">3. Merancang program pelatihan dengan teknik scaffolding</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Teknik scaffolding dalam pelatihan ini meliputi tahapan sebagai berikut:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">I. Memberikan tugas menulis kalimat yang didiktekan orang tua/guru</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">II. Bersama-sama dengan siswa mengidentifikasi kesalahan tulisan mereka</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">III. Menjelaskan mengenai pelatihan dan ZPD masing-masing permasalahan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">IV. Menjelaskan kriteria penulisan yang benar dan meminta anak menyatakan kembali kriteria tersebut.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">V. Memberikan latihan menulis dengan orang tua/guru memberikan bantuan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">VI. Mengevaluasi hasil pekerjaan siswa bersama-sama dengan anak</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">VII. Memberikan latihan menulis dengan mengurangi bantuan terbatas pada kesalahan yang banyak dilakukan anak</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">VIII. Mengevaluasi hasil pekerjaan bersama-sama dengan anak</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">IX. Memberikan latihan menulis tanpa bantuan orang tua/guru</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">X. Mengevaluasi pekerjaan anak</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Pelatihan tersebut diulang-ulang pada tiap-tiap kesalahan disgrafia yang dialami anak hingga terdapat perubahan.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">John W. Santrock, Educational Psychology. McGraw-Hill Companies</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Hernowo, Mengimpikan buku pelajaran yang mampu, Menyenangkan dan menyalakan otak, Disampaikan pada Seminar “Menggagas Buku Pelajaran yang Mencerdaskan”, 15 Agustus 2006, Penyelenggara Direktorat Pendidikan Madrasah, Ditjen Pendidikan Islam, Departemen Agama, Jakarta.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Soedijarto, Mana Lebih Penting, Pendidikan Dasar atau Lanjutan?, Tabloid Nakita No. 266/VI/8 Mei 2004</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Penilaian Perkembangan Anak Didik di TK, dalam Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Disdik Prop. Banten Edisi keempat TH.III Vol.IV/2003</span><br />
<br style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Sekartini, Rini., Hal-Hal yang Sepatutnya Dikuasai Balita, Artikel di Nakita No. 203/IV/22 Februari 2003.</span>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-23492849632046547842012-08-27T01:42:00.002-07:002012-09-10T05:15:19.470-07:00Pembelajaran Fisika dan Pendidikan Kejujuran<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">oleh : Intan Irawati</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Bangsa Indonesia saat ini sedang mengalami krisis multi dimensi. Krisis ekonomi, ideologi, kepemimpinan, hingga krisis budaya. Salah satu hal yang dianggap menjadi sumber dari keterpurukan bangsa ini adalah ’budaya’ korupsi yang telah mendarah daging dan berurat akar pada sebagian anak bangsa. Pangkal dari budaya korupsi itu sendiri adalah sifat khianat, tidak amanah alias tidak jujur atau gemar berdusta. Kegemaran berkata dan bersikap dusta sering bermula dari perbuatan yang dianggap remeh, seperti menyontek ketika ujian. Ketika orang dengan sifat ini menjadi pejabat publik, mereka dapat berbuat korupsi yang merugikan rakyat dan negara.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Guru sebagai pendidik, bukanlah hanya mengajar materi pelajaran saja di kelas. Mereka memegang amanah sebagai pendidik para siswa. Mendidik siswa untuk berperilaku jujur merupakan bagian dari tugas guru. Seorang guru, seyogyanya merasa ikut bertanggung jawab untuk memerangi budaya khianat atau dusta ini. Ide membudayakan kejujuran memang bukanlah hal yang mudah untuk direalisir. Kejujuran itu sendiri harus dimulai dari guru sendiri. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Akhlak mulia dan kepribadian yang stabil merupakan kompetensi personal yang perlu dimiliki seorang guru. Hal ini sangat logis, karena guru adalah seorang yang digugu dan ditiru, menjadi panutan bagi anak didiknya. Semua tingkah laku guru di sekolah akan dijadikan contoh oleh siswa tanpa disadari oleh para guru itu sendiri. Cara guru berpakaian, berkomunikasi dengan siswa, hingga cara guru bersikap pada suatu hal akan diikuti oleh mereka. Maka kejujuran seorang guru akan menjadi teladan bagi para siswanya. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Hal yang paling mudah dilakukan untuk mensosialisasikan dan menanamkan kejujuran adalah melalui bidang studi masing-masing. Guru bidang studi PKN akan lebih mudah mananamkan sifat jujur melalui materi-materi pelajarannya. Guru Olah Raga menanamkan kejujuran melalui sportivitas dalam bertanding. Demikian pula guru Agama akan lebih mudah menanamkan sifat jujur melalui penilaian afektif yang dibuatnya atau materi agama yang dibawakannya. Adapun guru fisika akan menghadapi beberapa tantangan untuk menanamkan kejujuran. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Salah satu tantangan itu adalah bidang studi yang dibawakannya. Pelajaran fisika itu sendiri adalah pelajaran yang unik, dia membutuhkan keterampilan matematika tetapi dia juga memerlukan keterampilan proses mental yang tinggi seperti kemampuan logika dan analitis. Hal ini menyebabkan pelajaran Fisika menjadi salah satu pelajaran yang tidak disukai oleh banyak siswa. Ketidaksukaan siswa pada suatu bidang studi biasanya berefek pada sikap mereka pada guru bidang studi tersebut. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Banyak sebab yang mendasari siswa untuk tidak menyukai pelajaran fisika. Materi Pelajaran yang sulit dimengerti, lebih banyak rumus dari pada teori, dan soal-soal yang rumit merupakan jawaban lazim yang diberikan siswa sebagai alasan. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Oleh karena itu, sebelum menanamkan kejujuran, guru fisika dituntut untuk menjadi guru yang kreatif dan inovatif dalam pembelajaran. Pembelajaran yang dibimbingnya dapat menjadi lebih menarik minat siswa bila disampaikan dengan alat peraga, demonstrasi, media pembelajaran serta strategi dan metode pembelajaran yang berbeda untuk setiap pokok bahasan. Motivasi siswa dalam belajar fisika di kelas juga akan lebih tinggi jika dibimbing oleh guru yang ramah, sabar, serta mengerti kesulitan siswa. Suasana belajar yang kondusif dan menyenangkan akan membuat siswa lebih mudah memahami penjelasan yang disampaikan oleh guru. Singkatnya, sebelum menanamkan kejujuran, buatlah siswa menyukai pelajaran fisika dan guru fisika. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Seorang guru yang diberi julukan ‘killer’ oleh siswa, akan lebih sulit dalam menanamkan kejujuran. Siswa yang antusias belajar fisika, akan membuat guru lebih mudah untuk menanamkan sifat jujur melalui eksperimen atau percobaan fisika. Eksperimen dalam fisika merupakan hal yang dilakukan para ahli sebelum mereka menemukan suatu teori atau konsep. Kegiatan ini dilakukan di kelas sebagai cara melatih siswa melakukan scientific process (proses ilmiah). Materi fisika, proses ilmiah dan sikap ilmiah adalah bagian dari ilmu fisika yang harus diberikan guru di kelas agar siswa memiliki life skill sesuai kompetensi yang telah ditetapkan. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Melalui kerja ilmiah dalam praktek atau percobaan, siswa di’paksa’ memiliki sikap ilmiah seperti jujur, obyektif, kritis, analitis, logis, dan sebagainya. Tanpa sikap ilmiah maka praktek yang dilaksanakan siswa akan menjadi manipulatif, palsu, dan tidak akan menelurkan pemahaman yang diharapkan dalam pelajaran fisika. Jujur dan obyektif dalam menyampaikan data dan hasil percobaan walaupun hasilnya tidak sesuai dengan teori, kritis terhadap permasalahan yang terjadi di lingkungan, dan sebagainya, merupakan hal yang hendak dicapai setelah siswa bereksperimen fisika. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Maka guru fisika perlu memahami berbagai percobaan dan praktikum sederhana yang dapat digunakannya dalam pembelajaran. Jangan sampai terjadi, pembelajaran fisika di kelas sama dengan pembelajaran sejarah yang lebih banyak berisi ceramah dan tanya jawab, atau sama dengan matematika yang lebih banyak berhitung dari pada penanaman konsep dan teori. Mengajarkan materi fisika tanpa proses ilmiah dan sikap ilmiah akan menyebabkan pemahaman yang cacat terhadap ilmu fisika itu sendiri. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Kejujuran yang dilatihkan guru melalui pembelajaran fisika seperti yang diuraikan di atas akan tertanam dalam diri siswa tanpa ia sadari. Proses ini memerlukan waktu yang tidak sebentar. Oleh karena itu selama siswa menerima pelajaran fisika di jenjang SMP dan SMA, guru-guru fisika perlu tetap konsisten menyampaikan ilmu fisika yang utuh di kelas meliputi materi, proses dan sikap ilmiah. Konsistensi ini diharapkan akan berbuah indah di masa depan. Apa lagi jika semua guru bidang studi juga berusaha menanamkan kejujuran melalui bidang studinya masing-masing. Niscaya di tahun-tahun yang akan datang, orang akan sulit menemukan siswa yang menyontek ketika ujian dan di masa depan bangsa ini dapat terkenal karena kejujurannya, Insya Allah. </span>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-74865507702064101052012-08-27T01:40:00.000-07:002012-09-10T05:14:36.486-07:00Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar FISIKA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="tulisan" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11px; width: 95%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-top-color: rgb(153, 0, 0); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: thin;"></td></tr>
<tr valign="top"><td align="justify"><span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style, Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif; font-size: 12px;"><strong><em>Oleh : Intan Irawati</em><br />1. PENDAHULUAN</strong>Belajar adalah suatu proses psikologis yang terjadi pada diri seseorang yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan yang relatif tetap. Perubahan itu tidak hanya berupa penambahan ilmu pengetahuan tetapi juga keterampilan dan kompetensi. Guru di sekolah memiliki peranan yang sangat strategis dalam menentukan keberhasilan suatu proses belajar. Nasution (1986) menyebutkan bahwa setiap guru mempunyai peranan sebagai berikut :<br />1. Sebagai komunikator yang berfungsi mengajarkan ilmu dan keterampilan kepada murid.<br />2. Sebagai fasilitator bagi para muridnya dalam proses belajar.<br />3. Sebagai motivator yang berperan dalam menimbulkan minat dan semangat belajar siswa secara kontinu.<br />4. Sebagai administrator yang berfungsi melaksanakan tugas-tugas yang bersifat administratif .<br />5. Sebagai konselor yang berfungsi membimbing siswanya yang mengalami kesulitan belajar.<br /><br />Pelajaran fisika merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran yang diberikan pada jenjang pendidikan SMP dan SMA di Indonesia. Fisika merupakan bagian dari sains yang mempelajari fenomena dan gejala alam secara empiris, logis, sistematis dan rasional yang melibatkan proses dan sikap ilmiah. Ketika belajar fisika, siswa akan dikenalkan tentang produk fisika berupa materi, konsep, asas, teori, prinsip dan hukum-hukum fisika. Siswa juga akan diajarkan untuk bereksperimen di dalam laboratorium atau di luar laboratorium sebagai proses ilmiah untuk memahami berbagai pokok bahasan dalam fisika. Hal yang juga dikembangkan selama berlangsungnya proses belajar mengajar fisika adalah sikap ilmiah seperti jujur, obyektif, rasional, skeptis, kritis, dan sebagainya.<br />Selama ini, antusiasme siswa dalam mengikuti pelajaran fisika di sekolah tidak seperti mengikuti pelajaran lainnya.<br /><br />Siswa berpendapat bahwa pelajaran fisika sulit karena mereka banyak menjumpai persamaan matematik sehingga ia diidentikkan dengan angka dan rumus. Bagi siswa, konsep dan prinsip fisika menjadi sulit dipahami dan dicerna oleh kebanyakan mereka. Hal ini berdampak pada rendahnya minat siswa untuk belajar fisika. Masalah ini merupakan salah satu masalah klasik yang kerap dijumpai oleh para guru fisika di sekolah.<br /><br />Ketidaksukaan pada pelajaran fisika, dapat berdampak pula pada sikap siswa terhadap guru fisikanya. Tidak sedikit guru fisika yang kurang mendapat simpati dari para muridnya karena ketidakberhasilan siswa dalam belajar fisika. Nilai yang buruk dalam tes formatif dan sumatif fisika menempatkan guru sebagai penyebab kegagalan di mata siswa dan orang tua. Sikap siswa akan sangat berbeda pada guru kesenian atau olah raga misalnya, pelajaran yang menjadi favorit bagi kebanyakan siswa.<br /><br />Motivasi belajar fisika siswa yang rendah menyebabkan mereka tidak dapat belajar optimal selama di kelas. Prestasi belajar fisika siswa pada umumnya lebih rendah dibanding pelajaran sains lainnya seperti biologi dan kimia. Walaupun sudah ada siswa Indonesia yang menjadi juara olimpiade fisika, tetapi kondisi umum motivasi dan prestasi siswa pada pelajaran fisika di Indonesia masih rendah.<br /><br />Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) dan Madrasah Aliyah (MA) adalah jenjang pendidikan menengah formal yang dikelola oleh Departemen Agama. Selain mengikuti kurikulum dari Departemen Agama, Madrasah juga melaksanakan kurikulum Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Pelajaran fisika di Madrasah juga tidak terlalu diminati oleh sebagian besar siswa. Bahkan prestasi belajar fisika siswa Madrasah secara umum lebih rendah daripada prestasi siswa SMP dan SMA.<br /><br />Siswa MTs dan MA umumnya memiki karakteristik yang hampir sama dengan siswa SMP dan SMA. Siswa MTs dan MA merupakan remaja yang sedang mengalami pubertas dengan perkembangan fisik dan kognitif seperti remaja lainnya. Keingintahuan mereka sangat besar terhadap berbagai hal, dari masalah identitas diri hingga lingkungan. Hal ini merupakan peluang bagi para guru untuk menanamkan berbagi pengetahuan, nilai-nilai moral dan sosial.<br /><br />Peran guru fisika sebagai motivator dalam belajar mengajar di kelas akan selalu perlu untuk dilakukan dan dioptimalkan. Materi fisika yang memerlukan analisis pemahaman dan penalaran, akan membutuhkan motivasi belajar yang relatif kuat dan stabil. Faktor-faktor penyebab rendahnya motivasi dan berbagai cara yang dapat diterapkan di kelas dalam upaya peningkatan motivasi belajar siswa perlu selalu dikaji dan dianalisa.<br /><br /><strong>2. BEBERAPA PENDEKATAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR</strong>Motivasi belajar merupakan proses yang membangkitkan energi, mengarahkan dan mempertahankan tingkah laku seseorang dalam belajar. Motivasi merupakan hal yang esensial dalam belajar. Motivasi akan menentukan intensitas usaha siswa dalam mencapai tujuan belajar.<br />Psikologi behavior memandang motivasi sebagai respon dari adanya stimuli yang positif atau negatif yang dapat meningkatkan atau mengurangi tingkah laku seseorang. Kunci penentu motivasi belajar siswa adalah rewards dan punishments dari luar dirinya. Guru dapat menggunakan bermacam-macam motivasi positif bagi siswa dalam belajar seperti memberi point, hadiah, kompetisi, pujian, dan sebagainya. Sedangkan memberi teguran, kecaman, sindiran, celaan dan hukuman pada umumnya dapat menurunkan motivasi siswa. Guru juga dapat menciptakan situasi belajar yang menimbulkan kompetisi yang sehat diantara siswa. Suasana kompetisi di kelas yang segera diberi feedback positif akan menimbulkan perasan puas terhadap hasil-hasil belajar atau prestasi yang telah dicapai oleh siswa.<br /><br />Konsep motivasi instrinsik diajukan oleh Robert White (1959). Dia berargumen bahwa berbagai tingkah laku tidak memerlukan penguatan untuk dilakukan. Kompetensi seseorang dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungan merupakan sebuah reward bagi tingkah lakunya (Matlin, 1999). Sebaliknya teori insentif dari motivasi menekankan bagaimana imbalan yang menarik dapat memacu kita untuk melakukan sesuatu. Terdapat efek paradoksial dari reward terhadap motivasi. Motivasi ekstrinsik dapat menurunkan motivasi instrinsik. Pendekatan behavior menyarankan bahwa reward dapat meningkatkan motivasi tetapi dengan adanya kompleksitas manusia, reward pun dapat berlaku sebaliknya. Pujian dan feed-back positif seperti ucapan selamat, lebih meningkatkan motivasi instrinsik daripada imbalan material..<br />Psikologi humanistik menekankan bahwa setiap siswa memiliki kapasitas personal yang tumbuh dan kebebasan untuk menentukan pilihan dan hal-hal positif yang berkualitas. Konsep hirarki kebutuhan dari Maslow menetapkan kebutuhan berjenjang manusia dari kebutuhan fisiologis, keamanan, love dan belongingness, harga diri serta aktualisasi diri. Aktualisasi diri sebagai kebutuhan tertinggi dari hirarki Maslow memperhatikan motivasi sebagai salah satu yang dapat mengembangkan potensi seseorang secara utuh.<br /><br />Psikologi kognitif menekankan pentingnya menetapkan tujuan, perencanaan dan pengawasan pada pencapaian tujuan. Pandangan ini berfokus pada peningkatan motivasi internal siswa, atribusi dan keyakinan siswa bahwa mereka dapat secara efektif mengontrol lingkungan mereka (Santrock, 2006). Jika pada psikologi behavior, motivasi siswa adalah konsekuensi dari insentif eksternal, maka sebaliknya pandangan kognitif berargumen bahwa faktor eksternal dapat menurunkan motivasi. Perspektif kognitif merekomendasikan bahwa siswa harus diberi kesempatan dan tanggung jawab untuk mengontrol pencapaian hasil mereka sendiri.<br /><br />Psikologi Sosial memandang bahwa kebutuhan untuk berafiliasi atau berhubungan adalah motif untuk tetap menjalin relasi dengan orang lain. Hal ini mempengaruhi usaha seseorang dalam membangun, merawat, dan menjaga kehangatan pada hubungan personal yang akrab. Kebutuhan siswa untuk berafiliasi tercermin pada motivasi mereka untuk menghabiskan waktu dengan teman sebaya, dalam persahabatan, hubungan dengan orang tua, dan hubungan positif dengan guru. Menurut Baker (1999) dan Stipek (2002), siswa di sekolah dengan bawaan dan dukungan hubungan interpersonal yang positif memiliki sikap akademik dan nilai lebih baik serta lebih banyak kepuasan terhadap sekolah (Santrock, 2006). Faktor penting yang dapat meningkatkan motivasi siswa adalah apakah siswa mempunyai hubungan yang positif dengan guru mereka. Guru merupakan figur bagi siswa dalam berbagi hal termasuk dalam memotivasi diri, berprestasi, dan bergaul dengan lingkungannya.<br /><br /><strong>3. ANALISA MASALAH </strong>Guru fisika bertanggung jawab atas tercapainya hasil belajar fisika dan prestasi belajar fisika siswa. Guru berperan dalam mengelola proses belajar mengajar dengan menggunakan berbagai media dan sumber belajar sesuai pokok bahasan yang akan diajarkan di kelas. Hal-hal tersebut tidak akan berlangsung optimal tanpa antusiasme dan kegairahan siswa dalam belajar. Motivasi sangat berperan dalam membangkitkan minat dan perhatian siswa pada pelajaran. Dengan berbagai pendekatan motivasi belajar, seorang guru dapat melakukan upaya meningkatkan motivasi intrinsik dan ekstrinsik siswa.<br /><br />Hasil belajar fisika siswa biasa dievaluasi dengan tes formatif dan sumatif. Hasil yang tidak sesuai dengan standar kompetensi yang diharapkan dapat terjadi karena proses belajar mengajar yang tidak optimal. Strategi mengajar, pendekatan belajar atau metode belajar yang diterapkan guru mungkin tidak sesuai dengan pokok bahasan. Fasilitas dan sumber belajar yang tidak memadai dapat pula menjadi kendala.<br /><br />Pendekatan humanistik dan kognitif lebih menekankan motivasi instrinsik daripada motivasi ekstrinsik. Motivasi instrinsik merupakan dorongan dari dalam untuk melakukan sesuatu karena sesuatu itu sendiri. Contohnya, siswa yang belajar dengan giat karena menyukai pelajaran tersebut. Terdapat dua tipe motivasi instrinsik,<br />(1) motivasi instrinsik dari penentuan dan pilihan sendiri<br />(2) motivasi instrinsik dari pengalaman yang optimal dan flow<br /><br />Tipe pertama, siswa meyakini bahwa mereka melakukan sesuatu karena keinginan mereka sendiri, bukan karena nilai kesuksesan atau adanya reward eksternal. Dalam suatu studi, siswa SMA yang dibebaskan untuk mengorganisir demonstrasi eksperimen dalam pelajaran sains ternyata lebih perhatian dan berminat dalam praktikum di laboratorium daripada mereka yang harus mengikuti instruksi dan pengarahan saja.<br /><br />Tipe kedua, motivasi instrinsik yang berasal dari pengalaman yang optimal akan menyebabkan orang lebih enjoy dan bahagia. Csikszentmihalyi meneliti selama dua dekade bahwa flow atau pengalaman yang optimal lebih sering terjadi ketika seseorang mengembangkan sense of mastery dan meresapinya dengan konsentrasi ketika melakukan kegiatan. Dia menemukan bahwa flow terjadi ketika seseorang mendapat tantangan yang tidak terlalu sulit dan tidak terlalu mudah (Santrock, 2006). Soal-soal yang terlalu sulit menyebabkan kecemasan pada siswa dan yang terlalu mudah akan menimbulkan kejenuhan.<br /><br />Guru fisika akan memberikan contoh soal atau problem solving secara bertahap dari soal yang mudah, sedang dan sukar menurut perkembangan kognitif siswa. Pemberian soal berjenjang dapat memacu siswa untuk mencoba, karena siswa memiliki harapan untuk menyelesaikannya. Pemilihan soal yang digunakan pada tes formatif dan sumatif yang derajat kesukarannya sedang, tidak terlalu mudah dan tidak terlalu sulit. Hal ini dapat meningkatkan motivasi instrinsik siswa untuk belajar fisika.<br /><br />Pengalaman belajar fisika yang menyenangkan, baik di dalam atau di luar kelas merupakan salah satu situasi yang dapat mengantarkan flow siswa sehingga melahirkan sense of mastery pada materi-materi fisika. Pengalaman optimal seperti bereksperimen, diskusi, dan observasi bahkn menonton VCD tematik sesuai pokok bahasan merupakan metode yang dapat dipertimbangkn guru menjadi proses belajar mengajar yang berkesan bagi siswa.<br /><br />Motivasi instrinsik belajar fisika siswa dapat ditingkatkan dengan berbagai cara.. Selama proses belajar di kelas, guru perlu memberikan reward yang sesuai untuk keberhasilan belajar atau sikap positif siswa. Siswa yang berani bertanya, berani menjawab, atau berani mencoba menyelesaikan soal di papan tulis patut diberi pujian untuk memotivasi belajar mereka. Kesalahan atau kegagalan siswa perlu diberi harapan agar motivasi instrinsik mereka tetap stabil. Selffulfilling prophecy atau pygmallion effect adalah salah satu bentuk penguatan perilaku yang positif yang dapat meningkatkan harga diri siswa. Menyebut siswa sebagai anak yang cerdas, pintar atau rajin merupakan bentuk motivasi yang dapat dilakukan.<br /><br />Adapun proses ilmiah fisika biasanya dinilai pada ujian praktikum. Aspek pelajaran ini banyak melibatkan keterampilan psikomotorik siswa selain keterampilan kognitif dan afektifnya. Kesulitan praktikum fisika dapat disebabkan kurangnya praktik dan latihan pada saat kegiatan belajar sehari-hari atau dikarenakan kurangnya alat dan bahan yang tersedia di sekolah. Faktor ini dapat pula merendahkan motivasi siswa untuk lebih mendalami fisika.<br /><br />Pendekatan psikologi humanistik dapat diterapkan dengan memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk menyusun dan merencanakan eksperimen sendiri dan mengontrolnya untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan. Siswa diberi tugas merencanakan, menyusun dan mendemonstrasikan alat peraga atau praktikum sederhana yang sesuai dengan pokok bahasan, baik sendiri atau kelompok. Keberhasilan siswa dalam bereksperimen akan menguatkan motivasi instrinsik siswa.<br />Motivasi ekstrinsik merupakan dorongan berbuat untuk memperoleh sesuatu. Motivasi ekstrinsik sering dipengaruhi oleh insentif eksternal seperti reward dan punishment. Sebagi contoh, seorang siswa akan belajar giat untuk memperoleh nilai yang baik dalam ujian. Guru fisika yang sering memberikan reward berupa pujian akan keberhasilan siswa, dapat membuat siswa terdorong untuk belajar. Sebagai contoh, hadiah sebuah permen untuk siswa yang berhasil menyelesaikan sebuah soal di depan kelas atau sebungkus coklat untuk siswa yang memperoleh nilai 100 dalam tes sumatif merupakan hal yang dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar fisika siswa. Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah bahwa ekstrinsik reward tidak selamanya dapat mengubah tingkah laku seperti yang diharapkan, tetapi dapat pula menurunkan motivasi instrinsik. Judi Cameron menyimpulkan dari seratus studi, bahwa reward verbal seperti pujian dan feedback yang positif dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan motivasi instrinsik siswa (Santrock, 2006).<br /><br />Selain beberapa cara di atas, hal yang tidak boleh dilupakan untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar adalah mengenai kepribadian guru fisika. Seorang guru yang ramah, senang membantu kesulitan belajar siswa, membimbing, dan bersahabat akan membuat siswa enjoy untuk belajar fisika. Mereka akan memperoleh salah satu pengalaman yang optimal setelah berinteraksi dan berhubungan dengan guru. Siswa tidak memiliki kecemasan yang berlebihan dalam belajar, dan merasa nyaman berada dekat dengan guru. Suasana kelas yang dibimbing oleh seorang guru yang disukai oleh siswa akan menjadikan proses belajar mengajar akan berlangsung optimal.<br /><br />Metode belajar yang digunakan Jenis motivasi yang diberikan<br />Diskusi dan tanya jawab Pujian pada pertanyaan dan jawaban siswa baik benar atau salah.<br />Proyek praktikum, demonstrasi Pygmallion effect, seperti: kamu pasti bisa.<br />Problem solving Pemberian soal secara bertahap dari yang mudah hingga sulit, pujian bagi siswa yang berusaha menjawab<br />Observasi di luar kelas Pujian, dan pygmallion effect<br />Tabel 1. Contoh metode belajar selama proses belajar mengajar dan motivasi yang sesuai<br /><br /><strong>4. SARAN</strong>Uraian di atas merupakan metode yang dapat diupayakan guru fisika Madrasah Aliyah untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar fisika.<br />Beberapa tips untuk memotivasi belajar fisika di kelas adalah :<br /> Usahakan agar tujuan pelajaran jelas dan menarik. Makin jelas tujuan makin kuat motivasi siswa.<br /> Guru harus bersemangat dan antusias dalam mengajar.<br /> Ciptakan suasana yang menyenangkan. Senyuman dapat menggembirakan suasana, terutama pada perilaku positif siswa yang diharapkan.<br /> Siswa adalah centered learning. Guru adalah fasilitator yang menciptakan kondisi, situasi dan iklim yang kondusif agar siswa dapat berkembang, belajar dan mengaktulisasikan dirinya.<br /> Hubungkan pelajaran dengan kebutuhan siswa.<br /> Berikan pujian atau reward lainnya, segera setelah siswa menunjukkan kemajuan dalam belajar.<br /> Berikan penguatan reinforcement setiap jawaban benar pada tahap awal suatu tugas.<br /> Pekerjaan dan tugas yang diberikan harus sesuai dengan kematangan dan perkembangan kognitif siswa.<br /> Menghargai semua usaha siswa dan semua pekerjaan mereka.<br /> Mantapkan perbaikan atau langkah-langkah yang benar, tidak menuntut response yang sempurna dari siswa.<br /> Berilah kritik dengan senyuman dan kata-kata yang bersahabat dan membangun kepercayaan diri, sehingga siswa tidak mendapat kesan bahwa guru marah kepadanya tetapi kecewa dengan pekerjaan atau perbuatannya.<br /> Jangan menekankan atau menguatkan perilaku yang tidak diinginkan.<br /><br /><strong>5. KESIMPULAN</strong> Secara umum motivasi instrinsik memiliki dampak lebih kuat dan stabil daripada motivasi ekstrinsik.<br /> Guru perlu menggunakan berbagai cara dalam meningkatkan motivasi instrinsik siswa untuk belajar fisika melalui berbagai pendekatan yang sesuai pokok bahasan dengan memperhatikan perkembangan kognitif serta keberagaman individu siswa.<br /> Kompleks dan beragamnya kepribadian siswa serta banyaknya materi yang perlu disampaikan pada pelajaran fisika mengharuskan guru untuk senantiasa mencari berbagai metode, strategi dan pendekatan yang sesuai dalam proses belajar mengajar di kelas.<br /> Guru yang profesional tidak hanya berfungsi sebagi komunikator materi pelajaran tetapi juga yang dapat menjadi motivator bagi siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar.<br /> Pemahaman terhadap berbagai pendekatan motivasi belajar dapat membantu guru dalam memotivasi siswa dan memecahkan masalah dalam proses belajar mengajar di kelas pada umumnya.<br /><br /><strong>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</strong><br /><br />Idris, Zahara dan Lisma Jamal, 1992. Pengantar Pendidikan 1, Jakarta: Gramedia<br />Matlin, Margaret, 1999. Psychology, 3rd edition, USA: Harcourt Brace College Publisher.<br />Nasution, S., 1986. Didaktik Asas-Asas Mengajar, Bandung: Jemmars.<br />Santrock, John.W., 2006. Educational Psychology, Classroom Update Preparing for Praxis and Practise, Second Edition, USA: Mc. Graww Hill.<br />Tim Dosen, 1987. Teori Belajar, Jakarta: IKIP Jakarta.<br /><br /><br />Penulis : Intan Irawati</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-19290210563715141762012-08-16T06:37:00.001-07:002012-09-10T05:13:40.749-07:00Lepton - Quark<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
Penyusun terkecil dari materi selama ini dikenal sebagai atom. Ternyata atom masih disusun dari beberapa partikel yang disebut proton, neutron dan elektron. berdasarkan penemuan terbaru masih ada lagi penyusun dasar materi.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
Sejauh ini, sudah diketahui beberapa fundamental elemen atau partikel dasar (elementer particle) yang membentuk materi. Mereka diklasifikasikan atas 2 jenis: <em>quark</em> dan <em>lepton</em>. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
Quark ini memiliki 6 tipe atau <em>flavors</em> (dikategorikan dalam 3 famili atau generasi): up/down, charm/strange, dan top/down. Semua materi di alam semesta kita dibentuk oleh kombinasi quarks ini: kombinasi quark-anti quark membentuk <em>meson</em>, dan tiga kombinasi quark membentuk <em>baryon</em>. Baru-baru ini ditemukan bukti keberadaan lima kombinasi quark membentuk partikel, disebut jenis <em>pentaquark</em>. Proton dan Netron, dua partikel subatom yang kita kenal, adalah contoh jenis baryon. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
Sebagaimana quark, lepton juga memiliki 6 tipe (juga dikelompokkan dalam 3 famili atau generasi): elektron/elektron-neutrino, muon/muon-neutrino, dan neutrino. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #5d5d5d; font-family: Verdana, Arial, 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">
Kombinasi proton-neutron-elektron membentuk atom, kombinasi atom membentuk molekul, kumpulan molekul membentuk senyawa atau campuran ataupun larutan yang secara kasat mata bisa kita lihat. </div>
</div>
Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-89196207291625677242012-07-20T06:05:00.000-07:002012-07-20T06:05:00.225-07:00Perkembangan Teori Atom<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Atom berasal dari bahasa Yunani “<i>atomos</i>”
yang artinya tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Suatu benda dapat dibagi menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil,
jika pembagian ini diteruskan, maka menurut logika pembagian itu akan sampai
pada batas yang terkecil yang tidak dapat dibagi lagi, demikian pendapat <i>Demokritus </i>(460-370-S.M)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bagian terkecil yang tidak dapat dibagi lagi disebut: ATOM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Konsep atom yang dikemukakan oleh <i>Demokritus </i>murni sebagai hasil pemikiran semata, tanpa disertai
adanya percobaan. Namun gagasan ini telah menjadi pembuka pintu ke arah
penemuan baru menuju ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Gagasan atom <i>Demokritus </i>menjadi
tantangan fisikawan-fisikawan untuk mengalihkan perhatiannya ke arah mikrokosmos
yang pada saat itu belum terjamah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Awal abad ke-19, <i>John Dalton</i>
(1766-1844) telah melaksanakan percobaan-percobaan yang menunjang konsep atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep atom menurut <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>:<o:p></o:p></span></u></h1>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Atom adalah partikel terkecil yang
tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi. Atom suatu unsur semuanya serupa, dan tidak
dapat berubah menjadi atom unsur yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Atom-atom unsur yang berlainan
dapat membentuk molekul. Ketika terjadi reaksi, atom-atom itu berpisah
tetapi kemudian bergabung kembali dengan susunan yang berbeda dengan
susunan semula. Pada reaksi itu atom-atom bergabung menurut perbandingan
tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">Bila dua macam atom membentuk dua
macam persenyawaan atau lebih maka atom-atom sejenis dalam persenyawaan
itu mempunyai perbandingan yang sedrhana.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pengembangan atom saat itu telah memperkenalkan kita pada susunan
dan sifat-sifat atom, cara mengadakan reaksi dan senyawa-senyawa yang
terbentuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sekarang telah dikenal ukuran dan <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">massa</st1:place></st1:city> atom, energi antar atom dan
pertikel-partikel terkecil yang membentuk atom. Atom sebagai bagian terkecil
suatu zat sudah tidak sesuai lagi dengan hasil-hasil percobaan-percobaan masa
kini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Partikel sub-atomik pertama yang dikenal adalah <i>elektron</i>. Suatu penemuan oleh percobaan J.J Thomson (1856-1940).
Sehubungan dengan penemuan <i>J.J Thomson</i>
menyangkal teori yang dikemukakan oleh <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Menurut Thomson atom itu terdiri atas muatan positif yang merata
diseluruh atom, muatan ini di-netral-kan oleh muatan negatif yang tersebar
merata pula diseluruh atom. Model ini tidak dikembangkan karena tidak sesuai
dengan hasil percobaan <st1:place w:st="on"><i>Rutherford</i></st1:place><i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-56460760569207755972012-07-08T20:41:00.002-07:002012-07-17T06:13:35.905-07:00Dunia yang hilang<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px; margin-top: 8px; min-width: 0px; text-align: left; width: 653px;">
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">ATLANTIS</strong>, Atalantis, atau Atlantika (dalam Kebudayaan Yunani disebut juga pulau Atlas) adalah pulau legendaris yang pertama kali disebut oleh Plato dalam buku Timaeus dan Critias.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dalam catatannya, Plato menulis bahwa Atlantis terhampar "di seberang pilar-pilar Herkules", dan memiliki angkatan laut yang menaklukkan Eropa Barat dan Afrika 9.000 tahun sebelum waktu Solon, atau sekitar tahun 9500 SM. Setelah gagal menyerang Yunani, Atlantis tenggelam ke dalam samudra "hanya dalam waktu satu hari satu malam".</span> <br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atlantis umumnya dianggap sebagai mitos yang dibuat oleh Plato untuk mengilustrasikan teori politik. Meskipun fungsi cerita Atlantis terlihat jelas oleh kebanyakan ahli, mereka memperdebatkan apakah dan seberapa banyak catatan Plato diilhami oleh tradisi yang lebih tua. Beberapa ahli mengatakan bahwa Plato menggambarkan kejadian yang telah berlalu, seperti letusan Thera atau perang Troya, sementara lainnya menyatakan bahwa ia terinspirasi dari peristiwa kontemporer seperti hancurnya Helike tahun 373 SM atau gagalnya invasi Athena ke Sisilia tahun 415-413 SM.</span> <br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Masyarakat sering membicarakan keberadaan Atlantis selama Era Klasik, namun umumnya tidak mempercayainya dan terkadang menjadikannya bahan lelucon. Kisah Atlantis kurang diketahui pada Abad Pertengahan, namun, pada era modern, cerita mengenai Atlantis ditemukan kembali. </span><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sejarah Asal Usul Atlantis</span></span> <br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Legenda yang berkisah tentang "Atlantis", pertama kali ditemui dalam karangan filsafat Yunani kuno: Dua buah catatan dialog Plato (427-347 SM) yakni: buku Critias</span><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> dan Timaeus.</span> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="fullpost" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pada buku Timaeus, Plato berkisah: Di hadapan "Selat Mainstay Haigelisi, ada sebuah pulau yang sangat besar, dari sana kalian dapat pergi ke pulau lainnya, di depan pulau-pulau itu adalah seluruhnya daratan yang dikelilingi laut samudera, itu adalah kerajaan Atlantis. Ketika itu Atlantis baru akan melancarkan perang besar dengan Athena, namun di luar dugaan Atlantis tiba-tiba mengalami gempa bumi dan banjir, tidak sampai sehari semalam, tenggelam sama sekali di dasar laut, negara besar yang melampaui peradaban tinggi, lenyap dalam semalam.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dalam legenda, yang mendirikan kerajaan Atlantis adalah dewa laut Poseidon. Di atas sebuah pulau, ada seorang gadis muda yang kedua orang tuanya meninggal, Poseidon memperistri gadis muda itu dan melahirkan lima anak kembar, kemudian Poseidon membagi keseluruhan pulau menjadi 10 wilayah, masing-masing diserahkan pada 10 anak untuk menguasai, dan anak sulung ditunjuk sebagai penguasa tertinggi. Karena anak sulung lelaki ini bernama Atlan, oleh karenanya menyebut nama negeri tersebut sebagai kerajaan "Atlantis".</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Satu bagian dalam dialog buku Critias, tercatat kisah Atlantis yang dikisahkan oleh adik sepupu Critias. Critias adalah murid dari ahli filsafat Socrates, tiga kali ia menekankan keberadaan Atlantis dalam dialog. Kisahnya berasal dari cerita lisan Joepe yaitu moyang lelaki Critias, sedangkan Joepe juga mendengarnya dari seorang penyair Yunani bernama Solon ( 639-559 SM). Solon adalah yang paling bijaksana di antara 7 mahabijak Yunani kuno, suatu kali ketika Solon berkeliling Mesir, dari tempat pemujaan makam leluhur mengetahui legenda Atlantis. Catatan dalam dialog, secara garis besar seperti berikut ini:</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; width: 527px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Ada sebuah daratan raksasa di atas Samudera Atlantik arah barat Laut Tengah yang sangat jauh, yang bangga dengan peradabannya yang menakjubkan. Ia menghasilkan emas dan perak yang tak terhitung banyaknya: istana dikelilingi oleh tembok emas dan dipagari oleh dinding perak. Dinding tembok dalam istana bertakhtakan emas, cemerlang dan megah. Di sana, tingkat perkembangan peradabannya memukau orang. Memiliki pelabuhan dan kapal dengan perlengkapan yang sempurna, juga ada benda yang bisa membawa orang terbang. Kekuasaannya tidak hanya terbatas di Eropa, bahkan jauh sampai daratan Afrika. Setelah dilanda gempa dahsyat, tenggelamlah ia ke dasar laut beserta peradabannya, juga hilang dalam ingatan orang-orang."</span><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Penyelidikan Arkeolog</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Menurut perhitungan versi Plato waktu tenggelamnya kerajaan Atlantis, kurang lebih 11.150 tahun yang silam. Plato pernah beberapa kali mengatakan, keadaan kerajaan Atlantis diceritakan turun-temurun. Sama sekali bukan rekaannya sendiri. Plato bahkan pergi ke Mesir minta petunjuk biksu dan rahib terkenal setempat waktu itu. Guru Plato yaitu Socrates ketika membicarakan tentang kerajaan Atlantis juga menekankan, karena hal itu adalah nyata, nilainya jauh lebih kuat dibanding kisah yang direkayasa.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Jika semua yang diutarakan Plato memang benar-benar nyata, maka sejak 12.000 tahun silam, manusia sudah menciptakan peradaban. Namun di manakah kerajaan Atlantis itu? Sejak ribuan tahun silam orang-orang menaruh minat yang sangat besar terhadap hal ini. Hingga abad ke-20 sejak tahun 1960-an, laut Bermuda yang terletak di bagian barat Samudera Atlantik, di kepulauan Bahama, dan laut di sekitar kepulauan Florida pernah berturut-turut diketemukan keajaiban yang menggemparkan dunia.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Suatu hari di tahun 1968, kepulauan Bimini di sekitar Samudera Atlantik di gugusan Pulau Bahama, laut tenang dan bening bagaikan kaca yang terang, tembus pandang hingga ke dasar laut. Beberapa penyelam dalam perjalanan kembali ke kepulauan Bimini, tiba-tiba ada yang menjerit kaget. Di dasar laut ada sebuah jalan besar! Beberapa penyelam secara bersamaan terjun ke bawah, ternyata memang ada sebuah jalan besar membentang tersusun dari batu raksasa. Itu adalah sebuah jalan besar yang dibangun dengan menggunakan batu persegi panjang dan poligon, besar kecilnya batu dan ketebalan tidak sama, namun penyusunannya sangat rapi, konturnya cemerlang. Apakah ini merupakan jalan posnya kerajaan Atlantis?</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Awal tahun '70-an, sekelompok peneliti telah tiba di sekitar kepulauan Yasuel, Samudera Atlantik. Mereka telah mengambil inti karang dengan mengebor pada kedalaman 800 meter di dasar laut, atas ungkapan ilmiah, tempat itu memang benar-benar sebuah daratan pada 12.000 tahun silam. Kesimpulan yang ditarik atas dasar teknologi ilmu pengetahuan, begitu mirip seperti yang dilukiskan Plato! Namun, apakah di sini tempat</span><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">tenggelamnya kerajaan Atlantis?</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tahun 1974, sebuah kapal peninjau laut Uni Soviet telah membuat 8 lembar foto yang jika disarikan membentuk sebuah bangunan kuno mahakarya manusia! Apakah ini dibangun oleh orang Atlantis?</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tahun 1979, ilmuwan Amerika dan Perancis dengan peranti instrumen yang sangat canggih menemukan piramida di dasar laut "segitiga maut" laut Bermuda. Panjang piramida kurang lebih 300 meter, tinggi kurang lebih 200 meter, puncak piramida dengan permukaan samudera hanya berjarak 100 meter, lebih besar dibanding piramida Mesir. Bagian bawah piramida terdapat dua lubang raksasa, air laut dengan kecepatan yang menakjubkan mengalir di dasar lubang.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Piramida besar ini, apakah dibangun oleh orang-orang Atlantis? Pasukan kerajaan Atlan pernah menaklukkan Mesir, apakah orang Atlantis membawa peradaban piramida ke Mesir? Benua Amerika juga terdapat piramida, apakah berasal dari Mesir atau berasal dari</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">kerajaan Atlantis?</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tahun 1985, dua kelasi Norwegia menemukan sebuah kota kuno di bawah areal laut "segitiga maut". Pada foto yang dibuat oleh mereka berdua, ada dataran, jalan besar vertikal dan horizontal serta lorong, rumah beratap kubah, gelanggang aduan (binatang), kuil, bantaran sungai dll. Mereka berdua mengatakan: "Mutlak percaya, yang kami temukan adalah Benua Atlantik! Sama persis seperti yang dilukiskan Plato!" Benarkah itu?</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Yang disayangkan, piramida dasar laut segitiga Bermuda, berhasil diselidiki dari atas permukaan laut dengan menggunakan instrumen canggih, hingga kini belum ada seorang pun ilmuwan dapat memastikan apakah sebuah bangunan yang benar-benar dibangun oleh tenaga manusia, sebab mungkin saja sebuah puncak gunung bawah air yang berbentuk limas.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Foto peninggalan bangunan kuno di dasar laut yang diambil tim ekspedisi Rusia, juga tidak dapat membuktikan di sana adalah bekas tempat kerajaan Atlantis. Setelah itu ada tim ekspedisi menyelam ke dasar samudera jalan batu di dasar lautan Atlantik Pulau Bimini, mengambil sampel "jalan batu" dan dilakukan penelitian laboratorium serta dianalisa. Hasilnya menunjukkan, bahwa jalan batu ini umurnya belum mencapai 10.000 tahun. Jika jalan ini dibuat oleh bangsa kerajaan Atlantis, setidak-tidaknya tidak kurang dari 10.000 tahun. Mengenai foto yang ditunjukkan kedua kelasi Norwegia itu, hingga kini pun tidak dapat membuktikan apa-apa.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Beberapa Perkiraan Lokasi</span></span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Tahun 1882 seorang peneliti yang bernama Ignatius L. Donnelly menerbitkan karya yang berjudul <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</span>. Dalam karyanya ini Donelly mengulas tentang keberadaan Atlantis berdasarkan teori Plato. Selain itu ia menegaskan adanya hubungan antara Atlantis dan Aztlan (tempat tinggal nenek moyang suku Aztek). Ia mengklaim bahwa suku Aztek menunjuk ke timur Karibia sebagai bekas lokasi Aztlan.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Mediterania</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Setelah era Donelly muncul lebih banyak lagi teori-teori tentang kemungkinan lokasi Atlantis yang justru tidak menunjuk langsung ke lokasi Atlantis yang sebenarnya. Hal ini terjadi karena para pengusung teori-teori tersebut membandingkan karakteristik- karakteristik suatu lokasi yang dianggap mempunyai kesamaan dengan karakteristik Atlantis (seperti: keadaan air, bencana besar yang menyebabkan kehancuran dan periode waktu/masa yang relevan). Namun sayang, tidak ada satu pun yang berhasil dibuktikan sebagai lokasi Atlantis yang sesungguhnya.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Lokasi-lokasi yang disebut-sebut memiliki kesamaan karakteristik dengan Atlantis di antaranya adalah sebuah lokasi di dekat Laut Mediterania yang terdiri dari pulau-pulau Sardinia, Creta and Santorini, Siprus, Malta, dan Ponza; sejumlah kota seperti Troy, Tartessos, dan Tantalus (propinsi Manisa, Turki); Kepulauan Canary; Daratan Sinai atau Kanaan di Israel; dan wilayah Pharos di Mesir. </span><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Letusan Thera besar pada abad ke-17 atau ke-16 SM yang menyebabkan tsunami besar diduga para ahli menghancurkan peradaban Minoa di sekitar pulau Kreta yang semakin meningkatkan kepercayaan bahwa bencana ini mungkin merupakan bencana yang menghancurkan Atlantis. </span><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Di luar Kawasan Mediterania</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Sementara lokasi-lokasi lain di luar Mediterania yang diperkirakan sebagai Atlantis bervariasi mulai dari daratan Andalusia, Antartika, di bawah Segitiga Bermuda, Laut Karibia, Laut Hitam, Laut Azov, Swedia, dan Irlandia.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Beberapa wilayah di Samudra Pasifik dan Hindia juga telah diusulkan, termasuk Indonesia, Malaysia atau keduanya (Sundaland), selain itu ada kisah tentang benua "Kumari Kandam" yang hilang di India yang dihubung-hubungkan dengan Atlantis. Kuba dan Bahama termasuk pula yang pernah disebut-sebut sebagai Atlantis. Bahkan ada yang memercayai wilayah Atlantis terbentang dari Spanyol hingga ke kawasan Amerika Tengah. Teori yang lain menyebut Filipina karena di negara ini terdapat sisa-sisa gunung berapi yang mirip dengan gunung berapinya Atlantis. </span><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Atlantis dan Nazi</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Konsep Atlantis sempat menarik perhatian para teoris Nazi. Pada tahun 1938, Komandan pasukan SS Nazi, Heinrich Himmler, mengorganisir pencarian di Tibet untuk menemukan sisa bangsa Atlantis putih. Menurut Julius Evola (Revolt Against the Modern World, 1934), bangsa Atlantis adalah manusia super (Übermensch) Hyperborea—Nordik yang berasal dari Kutub Utara. Alfred Rosenberg (The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 1930) juga mengemukakan teori tentang kepala ras "Nordik-Atlantis" atau "Arya-Nordik".</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Atlantis itu Indonesia?</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Yang lebih menghebohkan lagi adalah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Aryso Santos, seorang ilmuwan asal Brazil. Santos menegaskan bahwa Atlantis itu adalah wilayah yang sekarang ini disebut Indonesia.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dalam penelitiannya selama 30 tahun yang ditulis dalam sebuah buku Atlantis, <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Lost Continent Finally Found, The Definitifve Localization of Plato’s Lost Civilization</span>, dia menampilkan 33 perbandingan, seperti luas wilayah, cuaca, kekayaan alam, gunung berapi, dan cara bertani, yang akhirnya menyimpulkan bahwa Atlantis itu adalah Indonesia. Sistem terasisasi sawah yang khas Indonesia, menurutnya, ialah bentuk yang diadopsi oleh Candi Borobudur, Piramida di Mesir, dan bangunan kuno Aztec di Meksiko.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Santos menetapkan bahwa pada masa lalu Atlantis itu merupakan benua yang membentang dari bagian selatan India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Jawa, Kalimantan, terus ke arah timur dengan Indonesia (yang sekarang) sebagai pusatnya. Di wilayah itu terdapat puluhan gunung berapi yang aktif dan dikelilingi oleh samudera yang menyatu bernama Orientale, terdiri dari Samudera Hindia dan Samudera Pasifik.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Sedangkan menurut Plato Atlantis merupakan benua yang hilang akibat letusan gunung berapi yang secara bersamaan meletus. Pada masa itu sebagian besar bagian dunia masih diliput oleh lapisan-lapisan es (era Pleistocene). Dengan meletusnya berpuluh-puluh gunung berapi secara bersamaan yang sebagian besar terletak di wilayah Indonesia (dulu) itu, maka tenggelamlah sebagian benua dan diliput oleh air asal dari es yang mencair. Di antaranya letusan gunung Meru di India Selatan dan gunung Semeru/Sumeru/Mahameru di Jawa Timur. Lalu letusan gunung berapi di Sumatera yang membentuk Danau Toba dengan pulau Samosir, yang merupakan puncak gunung yang meletus pada saat itu. Letusan yang paling dahsyat di kemudian hari adalah gunung Krakatau (Krakatoa) yang memecah bagian Sumatera dan Jawa dan lain-lainnya serta membentuk selat dataran Sunda.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Santos berbeda dengan Plato mengenai lokasi Atlantis. Ilmuwan Brazil itu berargumentasi, bahwa pada saat terjadinya letusan berbagai gunung berapi itu, menyebabkan lapisan es mencair dan mengalir ke samudera sehingga luasnya bertambah. Air dan lumpur berasal dari abu gunung berapi tersebut membebani samudera dan dasarnya, mengakibatkan tekanan luar biasa kepada kulit bumi di dasar samudera, terutama pada pantai benua. Tekanan ini mengakibatkan gempa. Gempa ini diperkuat lagi oleh gunung-gunung yang meletus kemudian secara beruntun dan menimbulkan gelombang tsunami yang dahsyat. Santos menamakannya<span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Heinrich Events</span>.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Dalam usaha mengemukakan pendapat mendasarkan kepada sejarah dunia, tampak Plato telah melakukan dua kekhilafan, pertama mengenai bentuk/posisi bumi yang katanya datar. Kedua, mengenai letak benua Atlantis yang katanya berada di Samudera Atlantik yang ditentang oleh Santos. Penelitian militer Amerika Serikat di wilayah Atlantik terbukti tidak berhasil menemukan bekas-bekas benua yang hilang itu. </span><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Namun, ada beberapa keadaan masa kini yang antara Plato dan Santos sependapat. Yakni pertama, bahwa lokasi benua yang tenggelam itu adalah Atlantis dan oleh Santos dipastikan sebagai wilayah Republik Indonesia. Kedua, jumlah atau panjangnya mata rantai gunung berapi di Indonesia. Di antaranya ialah Kerinci, Talang, Krakatoa, Malabar, Galunggung, Pangrango, Merapi, Merbabu, Semeru, Bromo, Agung, Rinjani. Sebagian dari gunung itu telah atau sedang aktif kembali.</span> <span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Sayangnya, teori mengenai Atlantis adalah Indonesia banyak disanggah dan dibantah oleh para ahli dan karenanya teori ini masih dianggap lemah dan butuh penelitian lebih lanjut.</span> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-35726688032439564252012-07-08T20:34:00.000-07:002012-07-08T20:34:57.030-07:00Hujan Berwarna Merah di India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px;"><div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Lebih dari 500.000 meter kubik air hujan berwarna merah tercurah ke bumi. Pada mulanya ilmuwan mengira air hujan yang berwarna merah itu disebabkan oleh pasir gurun, namun para Ilmuwan menemukan sesuatu yang mengejutkan, unsur merah di dalam air tersebut adalah sel hidup, sel yang bukan berasal dari bumi !</div>
<div class="img center" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto !important; margin-right: auto !important; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 380px;">
<img alt="sel hujan berwarna merah" height="276" src="http://i557.photobucket.com/albums/ss17/semisumarna/surgaku/red_rain_cells_Kumar.jpg" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 480px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="380" /><br />
<div style="background-color: #fffde5; border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 228, 207); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(242, 240, 217); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;">
Menurut ilmuwan setempat unsur merah di dalam air tersebut adalah sel hidup, sel yang bukan berasal dari bumi</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Hujan yang pertama jatuh di distrik Kottayam dan Idukki di wilayah selatan India. Bukan hanya hujan berwarna merah, 10 hari pertama dilaporkan turunnya hujan berwarna kuning, hijau dan bahkan hitam. Setelah 10 hari, intensitas curah hujan mereda hingga September.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Hujan tersebut turun hanya pada wilayah yang terbatas dan biasanya hanya berlangsung sekitar 20 menit per hujan. Para penduduk lokal menemukan baju-baju yang dijemur berubah warna menjadi merah seperti darah. Penduduk lokal juga melaporkan adanya bunyi ledakan dan cahaya terang yang mendahului turunnya hujan yang dipercaya sebagai ledakan meteor.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Contoh air hujan tersebut segera dibawa untuk diteliti oleh pemerintah India dan ilmuwan. Salah satu ilmuwan independen yang menelitinya adalah Godfrey Louis dan Santosh Kumara dari Universitas Mahatma Gandhi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Mereka mengumpulkan lebih dari 120 laporan dari penduduk setempat dan mengumpulkan sampel air hujan merah dari wilayah sepanjang 100 km. Pertama kali mereka mengira bahwa partikel merah di dalam air adalah partikel pasir yang terbawa dari gurun Arab.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Hal ini pernah terjadi pada Juli 1968 dimana pasir dari gurun sahara terbawa angin hingga menyebabkan hujan merah di Inggris. Namun mereka menemukan bahwa unsur merah di dalam air tersebut bukanlah butiran pasir, melainkan sel-sel yang hidup.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Komposisi sel tersebut terdiri dari 50% Karbon, 45% Oksigen dan 5% unsur lain seperti besi dan sodium, konsisten dengan komponen sel biologi lainnya, dan sel itu juga membelah diri. Sel itu memiliki diameter antara 3-10 mikrometer dengan dinding sel yang tebal dan memiliki variasi nanostruktur didalam membrannya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Namun tidak ada nukleus yang dapat diidentifikasi. Setiap meter kubik sampel yang diambil, terdapat 100 gram unsur merah. Jadi apabila dijumlah, maka dari Juli hingga September terdapat 50 ton partikel merah yang tercurah ke Bumi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Di Universitas Sheffield, Inggris, seorang ahli mikrobiologis bernama Milton Wainwright mengkonfirmasi bahwa</strong> unsur merah tersebut adalah sel hidup. Hal ini dinyatakan karena Wainwright berhasil menemukan adanya DNA dari unsur sel tersebut walaupun ia belum berhasil mengekstraknya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Karena partikel merah tersebut adalah sel hidup, maka para ilmuwan mengajukan teori bahwa partikel merah itu adalah darah. Menurut mereka, kemungkinan batu meteor yang meledak di udara telah membantai sekelompok kelelawar di udara. Namun teori ini ditolak karena tidak adanya bukti-bukti yang mendukung seperti sayap kelelawar yang jatuh ke bumi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Dengan menghubungkan antara suara ledakan dan cahaya yang mendahului hujan tersebut, Louis mengemukakan teori bahwa sel-sel merah tersebut adalah makhluk ekstra terestrial. Louis menyimpulkan bahwa materi merah tersebut datang dari sebuah komet yang memasuki atmosfer bumi dan meledak di atas langit India.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Sebuah studi yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa doktoral dari Universitas Queen, Irlandia yang bernama Patrick McCafferty menemukan catatan sejarah yang menghubungkan hujan berwarna dengan ledakan meteor.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
McCafferty menganalisa 80 laporan mengenai hujan berwarna, 20 laporan air berubah menjadi darah dan 68 contoh fenomena mirip seperti hujan hitam, hujan susu atau madu yang turun dari langit.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
36 persen dari contoh tersebut ternyata terhubung dengan aktivitas meteor atau komet. Peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut terjadi mulai dari Romawi kuno, Irlandia dan Inggris abad pertengahan dan bahkan Kalifornia abad ke-19.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">McCafferty mengatakan,</strong> “œkelihatannya ada hubungan yang kuat antara laporan hujan berwarna dengan aktivitas meteor, Hujan merah Kerala cocok dengan pola-pola tersebut dan tidak dapat diabaikan begitu saja.”</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Jadi, apakah hujan merah di Kerala berasal dari luar bumi ? Sebagian ilmuwan yang skeptis serta merta menolak teori ini. Namun sebagian ilmuwan lain yang belum menemukan jawabannya segera melirik kembali ke sebuah teori usang yang diajukan oleh ahli fisika Sir Fred Hoyle dan Dr Chandra Wickramasinghe, teori yang disebut Panspermia, yaitu sebuah teori yang menyatakan bahwa kehidupan di bumi ini berasal dari luar angkasa.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Menurut kedua ilmuwan tersebut pada mulanya di luar angkasa terdapat awan gas antar bintang yang mengandung bakteri. Ketika awan itu mengerut karena gravitasi untuk membentuk sistem bintang, bakteri yang ada di dalamnya tetap bertahan hidup di dalam komet.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
Ketika komet itu terkena sinar matahari, panas matahari mencairkan permukaan es pada komet, bakteri-bakteri tersebut lolos dan tersapu ke planet-planet terdekat. Teori ini juga didasarkan pada argumen Charles darwin bahwa sesungguhnya bakteri memiliki karakteristis ‘luar bumi’.</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
sumber: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://surgaku.com/iptek/misteri-hujan-berwarna-merah-di-india.html">http://surgaku.com/iptek/misteri-hujan-berwarna-merah-di-india.html</a></span></div>
</span></div>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-45320331611919539112012-04-18T04:23:00.000-07:002012-04-18T04:30:36.443-07:00Soal Momentum<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathpr> <m:mathfont val="Cambria Math"> <m:brkbin val="before"> <m:brkbinsub val="--"> <m:smallfrac val="off"> <m:dispdef/> <m:lmargin val="0"> <m:rmargin val="0"> <m:defjc val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent val="1440"> <m:intlim val="subSup"> <m:narylim val="undOvr"> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" defunhidewhenused="true" defsemihidden="true" defqformat="false" defpriority="99" latentstylecount="267"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Normal"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="heading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="9" qformat="true" name="heading 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 7"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 8"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" name="toc 9"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="35" qformat="true" name="caption"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="10" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" name="Default Paragraph Font"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="0" name="Body Text Indent"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="11" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtitle"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="22" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Strong"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="20" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="59" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Table Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Placeholder Text"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="1" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="No Spacing"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Revision"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="34" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="List Paragraph"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="29" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="30" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Quote"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="60" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="61" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="62" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Light Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="63" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="64" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="65" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="66" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="67" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="68" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="69" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="70" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Dark List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="71" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">1. Sebuah bola dijatuhkan dari ketinggian 5 m dari atas lantai kemudian dipantulkan setinggi 3 m. Maka tinggi pantulan bola untuk kedua kalinya adalah … m.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">A.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">1,2 m</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">B.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">1,4 m</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">C.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">1,6 m</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">D.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US">1,8 m</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">E.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">2,4 m</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">2. Sebuah senapan dengan massa 4 kg menembakkan peluru bermassa 8 gr dengan kecepatan 1 km/s. Maka kecepatan senapan saat tersentak kebelakang adalah …m/s.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">A.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">8</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">B.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">4</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">C.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US">2</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">D.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">½</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">E.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">¼</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">3. Seseorang bermassa 50 kg menaiki perahu bermassa 100 kg dengan kecepatan 4 m/s. Tiba-tiba ia meloncat ke air dengan kecepatan 2,5 m/s berlawanan arah dengan arah kecepatan perahu. Maka kecepatan perahu menjadi … m/s.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l5 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">A.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US">7,25 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l5 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">B.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">6,75 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l5 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">C.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">6,25 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l5 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">D.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">5,25 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l5 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">E.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">4,75 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bola A dan B massanya masing-masing 1 kg dan 3 kg bergerak searah di atas lantai licin dengn kecepatan 6 m/s dan 2 m/s (A mengejar B) hingga terjadi tumbukan lenting sempurna. Setelah tumbukan kecepatan bola A dan B menjadi … m/s.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">A.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US">0 m/s dan 4 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">B.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">2 m/s dan 4 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">C.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">-2 m/s dan 6 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">D.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">2 m/s dan 8 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo5;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">E.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">-2 m/s dan 8 m/s</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">4. Sebuah bola<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>bermassa 2<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">m</i> menumbuk dinding tembok vertical secara tegak lurus dengan kecepatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">v</i> secara lenting sempurna. Besar perubahan momentum yang dialami oleh bola adalah …</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">A.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">+ 2<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">m v</i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">B.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">- 2<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">m v</i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">C.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">+ 4 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">m v</i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">D.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="color:red" lang="EN-US">- 4 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">m v</i></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-left:39.3pt;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 39.3pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">E.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">+ ½ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">m v</i></span></p>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-74111363031904240172011-10-18T06:51:00.000-07:002011-10-18T06:57:52.624-07:00Soal LISTRIK STATIS<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">11.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Ada empat buah muatan A, B, C dan D. Jika A menolak B, A menarik C, C menolak D, dan D bermuatan positif, maka…<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">A bermuatan -, B bermuatan +. Dan C bermuatan –<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">A bermuatan -, B bermuatan -. Dan C bermuatan +<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">A bermuatan +, B bermuatan -. Dan C bermuatan –<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">A bermuatan +, B bermuatan -. Dan C bermuatan +<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><span style=" font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">A bermuatan -, B bermuatan -. Dan C bermuatan –<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">22.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dua titik bermuatan listrik yang besarnya masing-masing Q<sub>A</sub> = +1,6 </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height:115%; font-family:Symbol;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: IN;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C dan Q<sub>B</sub> = +2,4 </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:IN;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C berada pada jarak 8 cm satu dari yang lain. Jika k = <span style="position:relative;top:15.0pt;mso-text-raise:-15.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:30pt;" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="40" height="46" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1025" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1380476375"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>= 9 x 10<sup>9</sup> Nm<sup>2</sup>.C<sup>-2</sup>, maka besar dan arah gaya yang dialami kedua muatan itu adalah ... .</span><span style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">5,4 N tolak menolak<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">5,4 N tarik menarik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">4,0 N tolak menolak<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">4,0 N tarik menarik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:INfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">3,5 N tolak menolak<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">33.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dua buah muatan listrik terpisah pada jarak d dan terjadi gaya Coulomb sebesar F. Bila jarak kedua muatan dijadikan dua kali semula, maka perbandingan gaya Coulomb yang terjadi adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">a. 1 : 16<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span>d. 2 : 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">b. 4 : 1<span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span>e. 1 : 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">c. 1 : 4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">44.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Gaya antara dua benda bermuatan adalah F. Jika muatan-muatan benda digandakan dan juga jarak pisahnya digandakan, maka gaya dua benda menjadi ....</span><span style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.25in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">a. </span><span style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">¼ </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language: SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>F<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>b. ½ F<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>c. F<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>d. 2 F<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>e. 4 F<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">55.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dua buah muatan listrik P dan Q masing-masing 20 uCdan 45 uC terpisah pada jarak 15 cm. Letak sebuah titik A yang kuat medan listriknya nol adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:81.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="Group_x0020_1" spid="_x0000_s1026" style="'position:absolute;margin-left:27.75pt;" coordorigin="915,3893" coordsize="5085,1905" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQDN/GQnRAgAAEFAAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWzsW21zm0YQ/t6Z/ocbPnZGESBAQhOlk9hW 2pm0ybTpD8AISUwRUMCWnU7/e5+9N07IxHbcKEkHf7CQbjn29vZ2n33ueP7jzS5j10lVp0W+sJxn tsWSPC5Wab5ZWH+8X45mFqubKF9FWZEnC+s2qa0fX3z/3fN9OU/cYltkq6Ri6CSv5/tyYW2bppyP x3W8TXZR/awokxyN66LaRQ2+Vpvxqor26H2XjV3bDsb7olqVVREndY1fz0Wj9YL3v14ncfN2va6T hmULC7o1/H/F/1/S//GL59F8U0XlNo2lGtEnaLGL0hwP1V2dR03Erqr0qKtdGldFXaybZ3GxGxfr dRonfAwYjWN3RvO6Kq5KPpbNfL8ptZlg2o6dPrnb+NfrdxVLV5g7i+XRDlPEn8ocMs2+3Mwh8boq fy/fVWJ8uHxTxH/WaB532+n7Rgizy/0vxQrdRVdNwU1zs6521AUGzW74DNzqGUhuGhbjx4nrzsKp b7EYbY5rhwG+8DmKt5hIui900IzWySycqKYLebtvz9S9oc1vHEdz8Vyuq9SNBgZ3q1uL1k+z6O/b qEz4RNVkL2lRV1n0N7hhlG+yhHGN6eGQUiathT1ZXpxtIZW8rKpiv02iFZTiswDVjRvoS43ZuNfA ylCe63vCUMrKoY2lQBb2Pb4CtJGieVnVzeuk2DG6WFgVNOeTF12/qRua8laE5jIvlmmW8QnK8oMf ICh+wUNxK7XR4/ma+Du0w4vZxcwbeW5wMfLs8/PRy+WZNwqWztQ/n5yfnZ07/9BzHW++TVerJKfH qPXpeA+bLRkpxMrSK7QusnRF3ZFKdbW5PMsqdh0hPiz5H5kKyhti40M1eDPG0hmS43r2KzccLYPZ dOQtPX8UTu3ZyHbCV2Fge6F3vjwc0ps0T54+JLbHkvBdn8+SoXRnbDb/Ox5bNN+lDSJwlu4W1kwL RXNywIt8xae2idJMXBumIPVbU8BiaqK5u5KHimXW3FzeoBdy28tidQvHrQp4FjwQaQMX26L6YLE9 QvDCqv+6iqrEYtnPOZw/dDz4J2v4F8+fuvhSmS2XZkuUx+hqYTUWE5dnjYjzV2WVbrZ4ksNtlBcv EZHWKffmVisMhb4gKJwoOkyOowNfpqTFCaKD71AQQAzwEGWH8DCEB6z9LxUeJP745qKEBDsUMDhO knnfUytbICmOQ7pIiZDif4WknIAi4wEkolTL8VSgUr0jAVE010hqYgfiPt9FBzzSx9uL3jsR4r8Y lAKqE+D0LTI1C0jZE8XJ1khTWIsbSRmX0NPDYFSSZWlZE0KM5j1Iqj9198ESAlhPzv6oMGSS70v4 HMbdkdP5onXVTAyp3QD+wYG3TpWNTpHVQ/JJQvYBKqEDb+XwiUA/XaBFL+cW0UvQ/7/1Vl19Dd5q eOtUeWtbps5O6LKTQGWhmcpCKsA6NiW2oVAdClVKnKcoVHlS02XYECaMMAEiV0AwzlvwklFCsLP8 XSUB2YOIKc8hlg6ZCLRIX5K6J0VlIB8+hqYOeKnPC5JYc1uC5myqlFN8oDIW1i5ZgcRIwIjTlUi2 Xycbpg1lMDuCHBOMjmJ4OIXXQYFiedDoTsuchAee6HBXeYwrsjXQ+E+KD5J09GTm9znlhBIUZaHB KU9D0X6LTgk3lPGxhVGO3EQ5CaHn2RPhwD7VAFiVgnAnFuDhherA92NboDcUHmxhDHy/3NjpZAXi +zmMkrzXQPsLQl+Sg4gJMk4sqyShjW3maBblmCFQ2VW3UKJ7EMqaTCTBH3h+Jx4ITosymjPr5rT4 SmwAmlQVyMqV3MPbrKT27xHv1rsMm+U/jJnN9sz1VfnWymCshsyWUSblkakVwSapIXJ3N9gq0TLQ mN3ZEVjXVsgN+lRCjGzF+voCgdMKYROqZ3ionLUYhna3XsDNWoiY2p6+AGpasT69KMloKTJ4T2fk ZFqu12Lwu1bqY72Z9jdGCYSo/SLaiv1h0Ms3ufQVXGErDocVbA7Vy6Km/XtyHHjee7G1zeXJ13qE oSIJc+YGz4PUR4ThAiTMA8+9wphjEubs3L3CmEQS5lXPvcI0SyQt0v/94nKMzsEgxW3SkpSWuydY KovhBMulWE9l1NAEkG3okmoQvh7ZFgclsOioYVdcJ+8LLtJ0DmDgYW1rlh9LtXFCtcZXl2n8Kvlg yrpy5PTJl3nJHyRoHFjEUYFI/o5Vyi3V9n7Yq3qWFOe7wehGRhEorQTUpxRU+yFtv0pAfQpBYSJS TIdBJaA+O4IqWopmaEDW5jWSngGaOCOGaix7Srq+3Yw/gCz/j1MXMDAIQu7tHegx8DUGX0PRXRA2 RkGiGXCNJ3BO5DOdP/ICWZAEfncvYjiANBxA0mewTsbr6m3jIU6YcUIfRGoLEs2AH4eJpxQkdLAT 2db3gw7tq+NBm4jVaVEzl6qtcwN3toWECY0JFzuELjrFhgmLewE74qbGzn0dmYgYOt+N/M2KBBRM j06PLkiwf9vTlVmP9OhkViOwek9Hjy9GyNo9nX1CMfKx3kzTH8whcMFQjtxRb30d5QhfjveXIy22 f2xBcojYOeX5AGTPT0VA7hDYt5WFwP88Pj2gNzHIxwi24x1KCnrh484XGT77Qe6hpOi8eXL3Cw0O MtpRSaFp3mOs8J+/0tCeFdEnFtVZkWGPYygpTl9S6LN9Q0lhlhTAtEdxQldfJ4gT3lSeMPGnoSwC hjgBCvjxh4yHvdCnvvvE90L1gcohTphxQh+UNihKHVJPECcmHoh/TklM1XumQ5wY4kTn/c8THj3V xyq/lTiBHRj9FhS/xnvqfD9MvlNPL8Kb33Ftvvn/4l8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDguRE4 3wAAAAkBAAAPAAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sTI/BTsMwEETvSPyDtUjcqJ1ACgpxqqoCThUSLRLi 5sbbJGq8jmI3Sf+e5QTHnRnNvilWs+vEiENoPWlIFgoEUuVtS7WGz/3r3ROIEA1Z03lCDRcMsCqv rwqTWz/RB467WAsuoZAbDU2MfS5lqBp0Jix8j8Te0Q/ORD6HWtrBTFzuOpkqtZTOtMQfGtPjpsHq tDs7DW+Tmdb3ycu4PR03l+999v61TVDr25t5/Qwi4hz/wvCLz+hQMtPBn8kG0WnIsoyTrKtHEOxn ywfedtCQqiQFWRby/4LyBwAA//8DAFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADj9If/WAAAAlAEA AAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALwEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAM38ZCdECAAAQUAA AA4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRycy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAOC5ETjfAAAA CQEAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAngoAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPMAAACqCwAA AAA= "> <v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_3" spid="_x0000_s1027" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAdcF9acMA AADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESPT4vCMBTE78J+h/AWvMia6kGka5RFWCyLINY/50fz bIvNS22ybf32RhA8DjPzG2ax6k0lWmpcaVnBZByBIM6sLjlXcDz8fs1BOI+ssbJMCu7kYLX8GCww 1rbjPbWpz0WAsItRQeF9HUvpsoIMurGtiYN3sY1BH2STS91gF+CmktMomkmDJYeFAmtaF5Rd03+j oMt27fmw3cjd6JxYviW3dXr6U2r42f98g/DU+3f41U60gik8r4QbIJcPAAAA//8DAFBLAQItABQA BgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1s UEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxz UEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADMvBZ5BAAAAOQAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKQIAAGRycy9zaGFwZXht bC54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAdcF9acMAAADaAAAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACYAgAAZHJzL2Rv d25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA9QAAAIgDAAAAAA== " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal">20μC</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_4" spid="_x0000_s1028" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAGo3Y8sMA AADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESPQWvCQBSE74L/YXlCL6KbVpASsxERpKEUxNh6fmRf k9Ds25jdJum/dwWhx2FmvmGS7Wga0VPnassKnpcRCOLC6ppLBZ/nw+IVhPPIGhvLpOCPHGzT6STB WNuBT9TnvhQBwi5GBZX3bSylKyoy6Ja2JQ7et+0M+iC7UuoOhwA3jXyJorU0WHNYqLClfUXFT/5r FAzFsb+cP97kcX7JLF+z6z7/elfqaTbuNiA8jf4//GhnWsEK7lfCDZDpDQAA//8DAFBLAQItABQA BgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1s UEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxz UEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADMvBZ5BAAAAOQAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKQIAAGRycy9zaGFwZXht bC54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAGo3Y8sMAAADaAAAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACYAgAAZHJzL2Rv d25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA9QAAAIgDAAAAAA== " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"> </span>45μC</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:group id="Group_x0020_5" spid="_x0000_s1029" style="'position:absolute;" coordorigin="3060,5220" coordsize="3600,1905" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCi+E9TBAEAAOwBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRy07DMBBF 90j8g+UtShxYIISadEGAHSAoHzCyJ4lFYlseN7R/z7iPDaJIXdpzz5wre7HcTKOYMZL1rpbXZSUF Ou2NdX0tP1dPxZ0UlMAZGL3DWm6R5LK5vFistgFJMO2olkNK4V4p0gNOQKUP6HjS+ThB4mPsVQD9 BT2qm6q6Vdq7hC4VKe+QzaLFDtZjEo8bvt43iTiSFA/7YHbVEkIYrYbETdXszC9LcTCUTO4yNNhA V1xDqj8NeXJacOBe+WmiNSjeIKYXmLiGMpFUH/060AABOVj+vyp3najwXWc1lm2k5wx/ZPhY75TG +G8XcT5X0DL2jvNxu9r9VfMDAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQBsBtX+2AAAAJkBAAALAAAAX3Jl bHMvLnJlbHOkkMFKAzEQhu+C7xDm7mbbg4g025vQa63gNSSz2eAmE2biat/eWBBc6c3jzM9838/s 9p9pVguyRMoGNl0PCrMjH3Mw8HJ6unsAJdVmb2fKaOCMAvvh9mZ3xNnWdiRTLKIaJYuBqdbyqLW4 CZOVjgrmlozEydY2ctDFujcbUG/7/l7zbwYMK6Y6eAN88FtQp3Np5j/sFB2T0Fg7R0nTOEZ3jao9 feQjLo1iOWA14FkuS8ala+VAX/du/ukNTO/lebIFX5tkZb9E8h01/08HvXro8AUAAP//AwBQSwME FAAGAAgAAAAhADMvBZ5BAAAAOQAAABUAAABkcnMvZ3JvdXBzaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0q zszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxLt1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBL AwQUAAYACAAAACEAUpUms8UAAADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESPT2vCQBTE7wW/w/KE 3uom2haJrhJCLT2EQlUQb4/sMwlm34bsNn++fbdQ6HGYmd8w2/1oGtFT52rLCuJFBIK4sLrmUsH5 dHhag3AeWWNjmRRM5GC/mz1sMdF24C/qj74UAcIuQQWV920ipSsqMugWtiUO3s12Bn2QXSl1h0OA m0Yuo+hVGqw5LFTYUlZRcT9+GwXvAw7pKn7r8/stm66nl89LHpNSj/Mx3YDwNPr/8F/7Qyt4ht8r 4QbI3Q8AAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAKL4T1MEAQAA7AEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAbAbV/tgAAACZAQAACwAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA1AQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMy8FnkEAAAA5AAAAFQAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA2AgAAZHJzL2dyb3Vwc2hhcGV4bWwueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAFKVJrPFAAAA2gAA AA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAqgIAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPoAAACcAwAAAAA= "> <v:oval id="Oval_x0020_6" spid="_x0000_s1030" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEA3zSCQsIA AADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESPQWvCQBSE74L/YXmF3nRjQ6SkriJKwR48GO39kX0m wezbkH2N6b/vFgSPw8x8w6w2o2vVQH1oPBtYzBNQxKW3DVcGLufP2TuoIMgWW89k4JcCbNbTyQpz 6+98oqGQSkUIhxwN1CJdrnUoa3IY5r4jjt7V9w4lyr7Stsd7hLtWvyXJUjtsOC7U2NGupvJW/DgD +2pbLAedSpZe9wfJbt/Hr3RhzOvLuP0AJTTKM/xoH6yBDP6vxBug138AAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAG AAgAAAAhAPD3irv9AAAA4gEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMd1fYdIAAACPAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMy8FnkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApAgAAZHJzL3NoYXBleG1s LnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQDfNIJCwgAAANoAAAAPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJgCAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxQSwUGAAAAAAQABAD1AAAAhwMAAAAA "> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'">PP<o:p></o:p></b></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:oval><v:oval id="Oval_x0020_7" spid="_x0000_s1031" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAL+YcNcIA AADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESPQWvCQBSE7wX/w/IKvdWNDYaSuoooBT14aLT3R/aZ BLNvQ/Y1xn/vCkKPw8x8wyxWo2vVQH1oPBuYTRNQxKW3DVcGTsfv909QQZAttp7JwI0CrJaTlwXm 1l/5h4ZCKhUhHHI0UIt0udahrMlhmPqOOHpn3zuUKPtK2x6vEe5a/ZEkmXbYcFyosaNNTeWl+HMG ttW6yAadyjw9b3cyv/we9unMmLfXcf0FSmiU//CzvbMGMnhciTdAL+8AAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAG AAgAAAAhAPD3irv9AAAA4gEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMd1fYdIAAACPAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMy8FnkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApAgAAZHJzL3NoYXBleG1s LnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAv5hw1wgAAANoAAAAPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJgCAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxQSwUGAAAAAAQABAD1AAAAhwMAAAAA "> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal">Q</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:oval><v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_8" spid="_x0000_s1032" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAZbbe8cQA AADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESPQWvCQBSE74L/YXlCL6Kb9qAlZiMiSEMpiLH1/Mi+ JqHZtzG7TdJ/7wpCj8PMfMMk29E0oqfO1ZYVPC8jEMSF1TWXCj7Ph8UrCOeRNTaWScEfOdim00mC sbYDn6jPfSkChF2MCirv21hKV1Rk0C1tSxy8b9sZ9EF2pdQdDgFuGvkSRStpsOawUGFL+4qKn/zX KBiKY385f7zJ4/ySWb5m133+9a7U02zcbUB4Gv1/+NHOtII13K+EGyDTGwAAAP//AwBQSwECLQAU AAYACAAAACEA8PeKu/0AAADiAQAAEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnht bFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAx3V9h0gAAAI8BAAALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC4BAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c1BLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAzLwWeQQAAADkAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACkCAABkcnMvc2hhcGV4 bWwueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAGW23vHEAAAA2gAAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAmAIAAGRycy9k b3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPUAAACJAwAAAAA= " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <ul style="'margin-top:0in'" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="'margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;"><o:p> </o:p></li> </ul> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:line id="Line_x0020_9" spid="_x0000_s1033" style="'position:absolute;" from="4185,6045" to="4905,6045" connectortype="straight" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQD+JeulAAEAAOoBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzU7EIBDH 7ya+A+FqWqoHY0zpHqwe1Zj1AQhMW2I7EAbr7ts73e5ejGviEeb/8RuoN7tpFDMk8gG1vC4rKQBt cB57Ld+3T8WdFJQNOjMGBC33QHLTXF7U230EEuxG0nLIOd4rRXaAyVAZIiBPupAmk/mYehWN/TA9 qJuqulU2YAbMRV4yZFO30JnPMYvHHV+vJAlGkuJhFS5dWpoYR29NZlI1o/vRUhwbSnYeNDT4SFeM IdWvDcvkfMHR98JPk7wD8WpSfjYTYyiXaNkAweaQWFf+nbSgTlSErvMWyjYRL7V6T3DnSlz4wgTz f/Nbtr3BfEpXh59qvgEAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhAJYFM1jUAAAAlwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8u cmVsc6SQPWsDMQyG90L/g9He8yVDKSW+bIWsIYWuxtZ9kLNkJHNN/n1MoaVXsnWUXvQ8L9rtL2k2 C4pOTA42TQsGKXCcaHDwfnp7egGjxVP0MxM6uKLCvnt82B1x9qUe6ThlNZVC6mAsJb9aq2HE5LXh jFSTniX5UkcZbPbh7Ae027Z9tvKbAd2KaQ7RgRziFszpmqv5DztNQVi5L03gZLnvp3CPaiN/0hGX SvEyYHEQRb+WgktTy4G979380xuYCENh+aiOlfwnqfbvBnb1zu4GAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQAzLwWeQQAAADkAAAAUAAAAZHJzL2Nvbm5lY3RvcnhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQ UkjNS85PycxLt1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAA ACEA46uYpcAAAADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbERPTWvCMBi+D/YfwjvwNlM9+FGNMlaE HXRgHTu/Nq9NsXlTmqzGf28OA48Pz/d6G20rBup941jBZJyBIK6cbrhW8HPavS9A+ICssXVMCu7k Ybt5fVljrt2NjzSUoRYphH2OCkwIXS6lrwxZ9GPXESfu4nqLIcG+lrrHWwq3rZxm2UxabDg1GOzo 01B1Lf+sgrkpjnIui/3puxiayTIe4u95qdToLX6sQASK4Sn+d39pBWlrupJugNw8AAAA//8DAFBL AQItABQABgAIAAAAIQD+JeulAAEAAOoBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBl c10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAJYFM1jUAAAAlwEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMQEAAF9yZWxz Ly5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADMvBZ5BAAAAOQAAABQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRycy9j b25uZWN0b3J4bWwueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAOOrmKXAAAAA2gAAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA oQIAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPkAAACOAwAAAAA= "> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><v:line id="Line_x0020_10" spid="_x0000_s1034" style="'position:absolute;" from="3855,6045" to="4215,6045" connectortype="straight" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQD+JeulAAEAAOoBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzU7EIBDH 7ya+A+FqWqoHY0zpHqwe1Zj1AQhMW2I7EAbr7ts73e5ejGviEeb/8RuoN7tpFDMk8gG1vC4rKQBt cB57Ld+3T8WdFJQNOjMGBC33QHLTXF7U230EEuxG0nLIOd4rRXaAyVAZIiBPupAmk/mYehWN/TA9 qJuqulU2YAbMRV4yZFO30JnPMYvHHV+vJAlGkuJhFS5dWpoYR29NZlI1o/vRUhwbSnYeNDT4SFeM IdWvDcvkfMHR98JPk7wD8WpSfjYTYyiXaNkAweaQWFf+nbSgTlSErvMWyjYRL7V6T3DnSlz4wgTz f/Nbtr3BfEpXh59qvgEAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhAJYFM1jUAAAAlwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8u cmVsc6SQPWsDMQyG90L/g9He8yVDKSW+bIWsIYWuxtZ9kLNkJHNN/n1MoaVXsnWUXvQ8L9rtL2k2 C4pOTA42TQsGKXCcaHDwfnp7egGjxVP0MxM6uKLCvnt82B1x9qUe6ThlNZVC6mAsJb9aq2HE5LXh jFSTniX5UkcZbPbh7Ae027Z9tvKbAd2KaQ7RgRziFszpmqv5DztNQVi5L03gZLnvp3CPaiN/0hGX SvEyYHEQRb+WgktTy4G979380xuYCENh+aiOlfwnqfbvBnb1zu4GAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQAzLwWeQQAAADkAAAAUAAAAZHJzL2Nvbm5lY3RvcnhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQ UkjNS85PycxLt1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAA ACEAbj4YusAAAADaAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbERPTWvCQBC9C/0PyxS8BN2oIDW6Ca2t UJAeaj14HLJjEszOhuxU03/fLRQ8Pt73phhcq67Uh8azgdk0BUVcettwZeD4tZs8gQqCbLH1TAZ+ KECRP4w2mFl/40+6HqRSMYRDhgZqkS7TOpQ1OQxT3xFH7ux7hxJhX2nb4y2Gu1bP03SpHTYcG2rs aFtTeTl8uzhj98Gvi0Xy4nSSrOjtJPtUizHjx+F5DUpokLv43/1uDazg70r0g85/AQAA//8DAFBL AQItABQABgAIAAAAIQD+JeulAAEAAOoBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBl c10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAJYFM1jUAAAAlwEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMQEAAF9yZWxz Ly5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADMvBZ5BAAAAOQAAABQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRycy9j b25uZWN0b3J4bWwueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAG4+GLrAAAAA2gAAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA oQIAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPkAAACOAwAAAAA= "> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:line><v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_11" spid="_x0000_s1035" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEADwz3H8QA AADbAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESPQWvCQBCF7wX/wzKCl1I39VAkdRURpEEKYmw9D9lp Epqdjdk1Sf995yB4m+G9ee+b1WZ0jeqpC7VnA6/zBBRx4W3NpYGv8/5lCSpEZIuNZzLwRwE268nT ClPrBz5Rn8dSSQiHFA1UMbap1qGoyGGY+5ZYtB/fOYyydqW2HQ4S7hq9SJI37bBmaaiwpV1FxW9+ cwaG4thfzp8f+vh8yTxfs+su/z4YM5uO23dQkcb4MN+vMyv4Qi+/yAB6/Q8AAP//AwBQSwECLQAU AAYACAAAACEA8PeKu/0AAADiAQAAEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnht bFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAx3V9h0gAAAI8BAAALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC4BAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c1BLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAzLwWeQQAAADkAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACkCAABkcnMvc2hhcGV4 bWwueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAA8M9x/EAAAA2wAAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAmAIAAGRycy9k b3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPUAAACJAwAAAAA= " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'">A<o:p></o:p></b></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:shape id="Freeform_x0020_12" spid="_x0000_s1036" style="'position:absolute;" coordsize="2520,360" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMVs4CcIA AADbAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbERP22oCMRB9F/yHMIIvolnFFl2NIl7QvrXqBwyb6Wbr ZrJuoq5/3xQKvs3hXGe+bGwp7lT7wrGC4SABQZw5XXCu4Hza9ScgfEDWWDomBU/ysFy0W3NMtXvw F92PIRcxhH2KCkwIVSqlzwxZ9ANXEUfu29UWQ4R1LnWNjxhuSzlKkndpseDYYLCitaHscrxZBZvD uNfbbN30k8w+v65/3lbP24dS3U6zmoEI1ISX+N990HH+EP5+iQfIxS8AAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAG AAgAAAAhAPD3irv9AAAA4gEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMd1fYdIAAACPAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMy8FnkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApAgAAZHJzL3NoYXBleG1s LnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAxWzgJwgAAANsAAAAPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJgCAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxQSwUGAAAAAAQABAD1AAAAhwMAAAAA " path="m,l,180v210,30,1020,-30,1260,l1440,360,1620,180r900,l2520,e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t" connecttype="custom" connectlocs="0,0;0,90;1530,90;1749,180;1967,90;3060,90;3060,0" connectangles="0,0,0,0,0,0,0"> </v:shape><v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_13" spid="_x0000_s1037" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAkJLM88EA AADbAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbERPS4vCMBC+C/sfwix4kTXVg0jXKIuwWBZBrI/z0Ixt sZnUJtvWf28Ewdt8fM9ZrHpTiZYaV1pWMBlHIIgzq0vOFRwPv19zEM4ja6wsk4I7OVgtPwYLjLXt eE9t6nMRQtjFqKDwvo6ldFlBBt3Y1sSBu9jGoA+wyaVusAvhppLTKJpJgyWHhgJrWheUXdN/o6DL du35sN3I3eicWL4lt3V6+lNq+Nn/fIPw1Pu3+OVOdJg/hecv4QC5fAAAAP//AwBQSwECLQAUAAYA CAAAACEA8PeKu/0AAADiAQAAEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbFBL AQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAx3V9h0gAAAI8BAAALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC4BAABfcmVscy8ucmVsc1BL AQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAzLwWeQQAAADkAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACkCAABkcnMvc2hhcGV4bWwu eG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAJCSzPPBAAAA2wAAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAmAIAAGRycy9kb3du cmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPUAAACGAwAAAAA= " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal">15 cm</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:shape id="Freeform_x0020_14" spid="_x0000_s1038" style="'position:absolute;" coordsize="1260,360" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAXvVlTsMA AADbAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbESP3WrCQBCF7wXfYZmCN6Ib26AldRURmvbOvz7AkJ0m odnZmN38+PZdQfBuhnO+M2fW28FUoqPGlZYVLOYRCOLM6pJzBT+Xz9k7COeRNVaWScGNHGw349Ea E217PlF39rkIIewSVFB4XydSuqwgg25ua+Kg/drGoA9rk0vdYB/CTSVfo2gpDZYcLhRY076g7O/c mlAjXp3klzn2+RVX0117SGVsUqUmL8PuA4SnwT/ND/pbB+4N7r+EAeTmHwAA//8DAFBLAQItABQA BgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9UeXBlc10ueG1s UEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgEAAF9yZWxzLy5yZWxz UEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADMvBZ5BAAAAOQAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKQIAAGRycy9zaGFwZXht bC54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAXvVlTsMAAADbAAAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACYAgAAZHJzL2Rv d25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA9QAAAIgDAAAAAA== " path="m,360l,180r540,l720,,900,180r360,l1260,360e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t" connecttype="custom" connectlocs="0,180;0,90;386,90;514,0;643,90;900,90;900,180" connectangles="0,0,0,0,0,0,0"> </v:shape><v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_15" spid="_x0000_s1039" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAcDfxHMIA AADbAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbERPTWvCQBC9C/6HZYReRDctIiVmIyJIQymIsfU8ZKdJ aHY2ZrdJ+u9dQehtHu9zku1oGtFT52rLCp6XEQjiwuqaSwWf58PiFYTzyBoby6Tgjxxs0+kkwVjb gU/U574UIYRdjAoq79tYSldUZNAtbUscuG/bGfQBdqXUHQ4h3DTyJYrW0mDNoaHClvYVFT/5r1Ew FMf+cv54k8f5JbN8za77/OtdqafZuNuA8DT6f/HDnekwfwX3X8IBMr0BAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAG AAgAAAAhAPD3irv9AAAA4gEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMd1fYdIAAACPAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMy8FnkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApAgAAZHJzL3NoYXBleG1s LnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQBwN/EcwgAAANsAAAAPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJgCAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxQSwUGAAAAAAQABAD1AAAAhwMAAAAA " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'">X<o:p></o:p></b></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_16" spid="_x0000_s1040" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAH3tUh8IA AADbAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbERPTWvCQBC9C/6HZYReRDctKCVmIyJIQymIsfU8ZKdJ aHY2ZrdJ+u9dQehtHu9zku1oGtFT52rLCp6XEQjiwuqaSwWf58PiFYTzyBoby6Tgjxxs0+kkwVjb gU/U574UIYRdjAoq79tYSldUZNAtbUscuG/bGfQBdqXUHQ4h3DTyJYrW0mDNoaHClvYVFT/5r1Ew FMf+cv54k8f5JbN8za77/OtdqafZuNuA8DT6f/HDnekwfwX3X8IBMr0BAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAG AAgAAAAhAPD3irv9AAAA4gEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMd1fYdIAAACPAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQ SwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAMy8FnkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApAgAAZHJzL3NoYXBleG1s LnhtbFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAfe1SHwgAAANsAAAAPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJgCAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxQSwUGAAAAAAQABAD1AAAAhwMAAAAA " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal">E<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect><v:rect id="Rectangle_x0020_17" spid="_x0000_s1041" style="'position:absolute;" gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDw94q7/QAAAOIBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRzUrEMBDH 74LvEOYqbaoHEWm6B6tHFV0fYEimbdg2CZlYd9/edD8u4goeZ+b/8SOpV9tpFDNFtt4puC4rEOS0 N9b1Cj7WT8UdCE7oDI7ekYIdMayay4t6vQvEIrsdKxhSCvdSsh5oQi59IJcvnY8TpjzGXgbUG+xJ 3lTVrdTeJXKpSEsGNHVLHX6OSTxu8/pAEmlkEA8H4dKlAEMYrcaUSeXszI+W4thQZudew4MNfJUx QP7asFzOFxx9L/lpojUkXjGmZ5wyhjSRJQ8YKGvKv1MWzIkL33VWU9lGfl98J6hz4cZ/uUjzf7Pb bHuj+ZQu9z/UfAMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhADHdX2HSAAAAjwEAAAsAAABfcmVscy8ucmVs c6SQwWrDMAyG74O9g9G9cdpDGaNOb4VeSwe7CltJTGPLWCZt376mMFhGbzvqF/o+8e/2tzCpmbJ4 jgbWTQuKomXn42Dg63xYfYCSgtHhxJEM3Elg372/7U40YalHMvokqlKiGBhLSZ9aix0poDScKNZN zzlgqWMedEJ7wYH0pm23Ov9mQLdgqqMzkI9uA+p8T9X8hx28zSzcl8Zy0Nz33r6iasfXeKK5UjAP VAy4LM8w09zU50C/9q7/6ZURE31X/kL8TKv1x6wXNXYPAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAMy8F nkEAAAA5AAAAEAAAAGRycy9zaGFwZXhtbC54bWyysa/IzVEoSy0qzszPs1Uy1DNQUkjNS85PycxL t1UKDXHTtVBSKC5JzEtJzMnPS7VVqkwtVrK34+UCAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEA76nK8MEA AADbAAAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbERPS4vCMBC+L/gfwgheFk3Xg0g1igiyZVkQ6+M8NGNb bCa1ybbdf28Ewdt8fM9ZrntTiZYaV1pW8DWJQBBnVpecKzgdd+M5COeRNVaWScE/OVivBh9LjLXt +EBt6nMRQtjFqKDwvo6ldFlBBt3E1sSBu9rGoA+wyaVusAvhppLTKJpJgyWHhgJr2haU3dI/o6DL 9u3l+Pst95+XxPI9uW/T849So2G/WYDw1Pu3+OVOdJg/g+cv4QC5egAAAP//AwBQSwECLQAUAAYA CAAAACEA8PeKu/0AAADiAQAAEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbFBL AQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAx3V9h0gAAAI8BAAALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC4BAABfcmVscy8ucmVsc1BL AQItABQABgAIAAAAIQAzLwWeQQAAADkAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACkCAABkcnMvc2hhcGV4bWwu eG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAO+pyvDBAAAA2wAAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAmAIAAGRycy9kb3du cmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPUAAACGAwAAAAA= " filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal">E<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:rect></v:group></v:group><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout"> </span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td width="37" height="7"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><img width="343" height="131" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" shapes="Group_x0020_1 Rectangle_x0020_3 Rectangle_x0020_4 Group_x0020_5 Oval_x0020_6 Oval_x0020_7 Rectangle_x0020_8 Line_x0020_9 Line_x0020_10 Rectangle_x0020_11 Freeform_x0020_12 Rectangle_x0020_13 Freeform_x0020_14 Rectangle_x0020_15 Rectangle_x0020_16 Rectangle_x0020_17" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:160.5pt"><span style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">a. 7 cm dari P dan 8 cm dari Q<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">b. 8 cm dari P dan 7 cm dari Q<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">c. 5 cm dari P dan 10 cm dari Q<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">d. 9 cm dari P dan 6 cm dari Q<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">e. 6 cm dari P dan 9 cm dari Q<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom: .0001pt;mso-add-space:auto"><span style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">66.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kapasitas kapasitor keping sejajar adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">a. jarak kedua keeping dan luas penampang<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">b. luas penampang keeping dan hambatan listrik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">c. muatan listrik dan hambatan listrik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">d. jarak kedua keeping dan hambatan listrik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops:81.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">e. bahan keping dan muatan listrik<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">7.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Sebuah kapasitor 0,4uF dimuati oleh baterai 12 volt. Muatan yang tersimpan dalam kapasitor adalah…<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="line-height: 115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">a. 3 x 10<sup>7</sup>C<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>d. 3,0 C<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="line-height: 115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">b. 3 x 10<sup>6</sup>C<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"></span>e. 4,8uC<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="line-height: 115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">c. 4.8 C<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom: .0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">88.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Beda<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>potensial antara kedua keeping sejajar adalah 20 volt, jika kapasitas kapasitor<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>0,04 µF , maka besar energy yang tersimpan dalam kapasitor adalah…<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">a. 2. 10<sup>-6</sup> J<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>b. 4.10<sup>-6</sup> J<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>c. 6.10<sup>-6</sup> J<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>d. 7.10<sup>-6</sup> J<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>e. 8. 10<sup>-6</sup> J<o:p></o:p></span></p>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-12273573312682323592011-01-28T06:16:00.000-08:002012-07-08T20:34:31.409-07:00Misteri Danau Berwarna Biru Neon di Australia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Berenang seharusnya memberikan suasana yang sehat bagi raga kita. Tetapi, belum tentu demikian halnya jika Anda berenang di kolam misterius ini. Kulit Anda bisa seketika berubah menjadi biru neon usai berenang di danau itu.<br />
<br />
"Rasanya seperti kami sedang bermain dengan cat radioaktif," kata Phil Hart yang menangkap gambar fenomena aneh ketika teman-temannya muncul dari sebuah danau di suatu malam.<br />
<br />
Apa yang membuat air di tepi danau itu menyala dalam kegelapan? Ya, air berwarna terang di saat gelap itu tidak muncul dengan sendirinya. Ia tercipta karena reaksi kimia yang disebut biopendar <em>(bioluminescence)</em>, yang muncul saat konsentrasi mikro-organisme di dalam air terganggu secara alamiah.<br />
<br />
Phil, 34 tahun, meletakkan kameranya dengan penyanggah kaki tiga dengan kecepatan shutter terlambat. Lalu, dia kemudian melempar butiran pasir dan batu sehingga kamera dapat menangkap gambar bintik-bintik air biru sebanyak mungkin. Hasil gambarnya: sempurna.<br />
<br />
<img alt="Misteri Danau Gippsland berwarna biru neon, Australia" height="300" id="104088" src="http://media.vivanews.com/images/2011/01/28/104088_misteri-danau-gippsland-berwarna-biru-neon--australia.jpg" title="Misteri Danau Gippsland berwarna biru neon, Australia" width="400" />Gambar-gambar ini terlihat sangat menakjubkan. Warnanya berubah ketika konsentrasi mikro-organisme Noctiluca Scintillans di dalam air tidak normal, jauh lebih tinggi dari biasanya. Phil dan teman-temannya mengambil gambar itu di Danau Gippsland, Victoria, Australia.<br />
<br />
"Berada di sana dan melihat biopendar yang begitu memukau adalah kesempatan yang sangat langka," ujar Phil. "Saya di sini sebagai direktur program di sebuah organisasi yang secara rutin mengadakan agenda berkemah di sekitar Danau Gippsland sejak 50 tahun lalu. Dan, belum pernah ada yang dapat melihat biopendar seterang ini."<br />
<br />
Seperti yang disebutkan, fenomena ini disebabkan tingginya konsentrasi mikro-organisme yang tinggi. Hal ini diyakini sebagai hasil dari kombinasi kebakaran hutan dan banjir di sekitar danau, di mana secara tidak langsung meningkatkan kadar nutrisi di dalam air yang dapat menghidupkan organisme.<br />
<br />
"Ini tidak boleh terjadi lagi dalam hidup saya," tutur Phil. "Saya merasa beruntung karena telah melihatnya dan berhasil merekam gambar tersebut dengan kamera saya."<br />
<br />
"Warna biru cerah tidak hanya terlihat dengan mata kepala saya saja, tetapi juga dengan kamera saya. Ketika mengambil fotonya pertama kali, saya hampir tidak percaya melihat orang-orang di air tampak aneh," pungkas pria asal Melbourne itu.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-30306353012280578702010-12-18T04:11:00.000-08:002012-07-08T20:33:32.841-07:00Memanfaatkan Tenaga Listrik Otak<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Verdana,Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><b>Dengan menggunakan teknologi yang memanfaatkan tenaga listrik otak, seorang pasien yang mengalami kelumpuhan suatu hari bisa "memikirkan" kakinya untuk bergerak.</b></span><br />
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Verdana,Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Para peneliti di Universitas California bagian Neurosains Komputasional telah mengembangkan teknologi yang untuk pertama kalinya memperkenankan para dokter dan ilmuwan untuk secara non invasif mengisolasi dan mengukur aktifitas listrik otak pada orang-orang yang sedang bergerak.<br /><a href="" name="more" style="outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;"></a><br />Teknologi ini merupakan komponen kunci sejenis antarmuka <a href="http://sainspop.blogspot.com/2010/08/komputer-yang-dikendalikan-pikiran.html" style="color: blue; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">komputer otak</a> yang akan memungkinkan eksoskeleton robotik yang dikontrol oleh pikiran pasien untuk menggerakkan anggota badan pasien tersebut, kata Daniel Ferris yang merupakan profesor di <i>School of Kinesiology</i> Universitas Michigan dan penulis makalah yang menjabarkan penelitian tersebut.<br /><br />"Tentu saja hal tersebut tidak akan langsung terjadi tapi satu langkah menuju situasi di mana hal itu mungkin dilakukan ialah kemampuan untuk merekam gelombang otak ketika seseorang sedang bergerak," kata Joe Gwin yang merupakan penulis pertama makalah tersebut dan seorang lulusan peneliti mahasiswa tingkat doktoral di <i>School of Kinesiology</i>dan Bagian Mekanika Rekayasa. Demikian seperti yang dikutip dari <i>Physorg</i>, Selasa (02/11/10).<br /><br />Dengan teknologi ini, para ilmuwan dapat menunjukkan bagian-bagian <a href="http://sainspop.blogspot.com/2010/08/jaringan-otak-mirip-internet-atau.html" style="color: blue; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;">otak</a> yang diaktifkan dan tepatnya kapan bagian-bagian tersebut diaktifkan ketika para subyek bergerak dalam lingkungan alami. Sebagai contoh, ketika kita berjalan, sinyal-sinyal yang berasal dari bagian-bagian tertentu di otak yang berfungsi sebagai pesan akan dikirimkan dari otak menuju otot-otot. Jika para ilmuwan mengetahui di mana impuls otak terjadi, mereka bisa menggunakan informasi letak tersebut untuk mengembangkan berbagai aplikasi. Sebelumnya para ilmuwan hanya bisa mengukur aktifitas listrik otak pada pasien-pasien yang tidak bergerak.<a href="http://sainspop.blogspot.com/" style="color: blue; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial;" title="Sains Populer - Berita Sains | Berita Teknologi"></a><br /><br />Ferris mengibaratkan pengisolasian aktifitas listrik otak ini seperti menempatkan sebuah mikrofon di tengah-tengah sebuah simfoni untuk membedakan hanya instrumen-instrumen tertentu di wilayah-wilayah tertentu, misalnya obo di kursi pertama, atau biola. Selayaknya dalam sebuah orkestra, ada banyak sumber suara dalam otak yang menghasilkan aktifitas listrik berlebihan, atau derau. Bahkan elektroda itu sendiri menghasilkan derau atau <i>noise</i> ketika bergerak dalam kaitan dengan sumbernya.<br /><br />Para peneliti mengidentifikasi aktifitas otak yang akan diukur dengan cara melekatkan banyak sensor ke subyek yang sedang berjalan atau berlari pada alat treadmill. Kemudian mereka menggunakan pencitraan resonansi magnetik pada bagian kepala untuk mengetahui dari bagian otak mana aktifitas listrik tersebut berasal. Dengan cara ini, para ilmuwan bisa melokalisasi sumber-sumber aktifitas otak yang ingin diketahui dan mengabaikan aktifitas lain jika tidak berasal dari otak.<br /><br />Ferris yang juga memiliki posisi di rekayasa biomedis mengatakan ada sekumpulan alasan para ilmuwan bisa melakukan tipe pengukuran ini sekarang ketika hal tersebut tak mungkin dilakukan beberapa tahun lalu. Para kolega di <i>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience</i> menemukan alat komputasional untuk melakukan pengukuran secara non invasif pada orang-orang, dan tanpa alat tersebut pengukurannya menjadi sesuatu yang tidak mungkin untuk dilakukan. Kedua kelompok peneliti kemudian berusaha ke depan dan mencoba pengukuran tersebut pada subyek-subyek yang sedang berjalan atau berlari.<br /><br />Lagi pula, elektroda sudah lebih sensitif dan memiliki sinyal yang lebih baik terhadap rasio derau, katanya.<br /><br />Pihak militer juga tertarik dengan jenis teknologi ini yang bisa digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan performa tentara dengan cara memonitor aktifitas otak para tentara di lapangan untuk mengetahui kapan para tentara sedang dalam performa puncak. Teknologi tersebut bisa juga membantu pihak militer memahami bagaimana informasi bisa dengan cara terbaik diberikan dan ditangani oleh para tentara.<br /><br />Malahan, industri atau organisasi manapun yang tertarik untuk memahami bagaimana otak dan tubuh berinteraksi, bisa mengambil manfaat dengan mengetahui bagaimana otak berfungsi selama melakukan aktifitas yang ditentukan.<br /><br />"Kami bisa membayangkan otak para pasien dengan jenis gangguan neurologis berbeda, dan kami mungkin bisa menargetkan rehabilitasi kepada kelompok pasien yang menunjukkan gejala-gejala yang sama," tutur Gwin. "Jika kita bisa membayangkan otak tersebut saat menjalani beberapa rehabilitasi ini, kami bisa mendesain perawatan-perawatan yang lebih baik."<br /><br />Studi ini dipublikasikan di jurnal <i>Frontiers</i>.<br /><br />http://www.frontiersin.org/human_neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00202/abstract</span></b></span></div>
</div>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-78408682997837618462010-12-02T05:34:00.001-08:002010-12-02T05:39:15.115-08:00SOAL UAS FISIKA X<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Sebuah benda berputar sebanyak 30 Hertz. Berapa periore putarannya ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l14 level1 lfo2"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">1 s<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>b. 3 s<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>c. 0,1 s<span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span>d. 0,3 s<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>e. 0,03 s<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Sebuah gerinda berputar dengan kecepatan 240 putaran setiap 5 menit. Jika jari-jari gerinda 15 cm, maka laju linier suatu partikel yang terletak pada tepi gerinda adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo3"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">0,12 m/s <span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>b. 0,21 m/s<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>c. 0,24 m/s<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>d. 0,3 m/s<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>e. 0,35 m/s<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Sebuah gerinda indah melakukan 360 putaran tiap menit. Maka percepatan sudut yang diperoleh adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">12 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span lang="SV" style="'line-height:115%;font-family:font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:7.5pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="10" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>rad/s<span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>d. 21 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span lang="SV" style="';font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:7.5pt;height:16.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="10" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>rad/s</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">14 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span lang="SV" style="'line-height:115%;font-family:font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:7.5pt;height:16.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="10" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>rad/s<span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>e. 30 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span lang="SV" style="';font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:7.5pt;height:16.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="10" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>rad/s</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo4"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">20 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span lang="SV" style="'line-height:115%;font-family:font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>π</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:7.5pt;height:16.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="10" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>rad/s</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Bondi memacu sepeda motornya pada lintasan yang berbentuk lingkaran dalam waktu 1 jam. Dalam waktu tersebut, Bondi telah melakukan 120 putaran. Berapaka kecepatan linier dan kecepatan sudut yang diperoleh,jika diameter lintasan 800 m ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">26,7 m/s dan 0,0167 rad/s<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>d. 26,7 m/s dan 0,167 rad/s<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">20,7 m/s dan 0,167 rad/s<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>e. 2,7 m/s dan 0,0167 rad/s<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">2,67 m/s dan 0,0167 rad/s<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Perhatikan gambar-gambar di bawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1026" style="'position:absolute;" coordorigin="1909,2037" coordsize="2378,974"> <v:shapetype id="_x0000_t120" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="120" path="m10800,qx,10800,10800,21600,21600,10800,10800,xe"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="custom" connectlocs="10800,0;3163,3163;0,10800;3163,18437;10800,21600;18437,18437;21600,10800;18437,3163" textboxrect="3163,3163,18437,18437"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:shapetype id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="32" oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" connecttype="none"> <o:lock ext="edit" shapetype="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;" connectortype="straight"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:2361;" connectortype="straight"> </v:group><v:group id="_x0000_s1037" style="'position:absolute;left:0;" coordorigin="7559,1978" coordsize="1038,974"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1039" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> </v:group><v:group id="_x0000_s1040" style="'position:absolute;left:0;" coordorigin="8867,2037" coordsize="1683,974"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1041" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1042" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> </v:group><v:group id="_x0000_s1031" style="'position:absolute;left:0;" coordorigin="4680,2031" coordsize="2658,1013"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:5220;" connectortype="straight"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:5203;" connectortype="straight"> </v:group><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td width="30" height="14"></td> <td width="161"></td> <td width="24"></td> <td width="179"></td> <td width="13"></td> <td width="71"></td> <td width="16"></td> <td width="114"></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="3"></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><img width="71" height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1037 _x0000_s1038 _x0000_s1039" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="1"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><img width="179" height="70" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1032 _x0000_s1033 _x0000_s1034 _x0000_s1035 _x0000_s1036" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="63"></td> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><img width="161" height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030" /></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><img width="114" height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1040 _x0000_s1041 _x0000_s1042" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="2"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br /> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>( 1 )<span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span>( 2 )<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>( 3 )<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>( 4 )<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Manakah yang menunjukkan laju sudut yang sama ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo6"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">1 dan 2<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>b. 2 saja<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>c. 3<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>d. 4<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>e.Semua benar<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:241.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-241.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">6.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1043" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:1in;margin-top:13.95pt;font-size:1683,974;" coordorigin="2880,4893" coord> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1044" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="'text-align:center'"><span style="'line-height:115%';font-size:14.0pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1045" type="#_x0000_t120" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class="MsoNormal">B</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape></v:group><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout; position:absolute;z-index:251844864;left:0px;margin-left:95px;margin-top:18px; width:118px;height:71px"><img width="118" height="71" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1043 _x0000_s1044 _x0000_s1045" /></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Duah buah roda yang saling bersinggungan. Jari-jari A = 15 cm dan jari-jari B = 10 cm. Bila kecepatan linier roda A = 4 m/s, maka kecepatan sudut roda B adalah .... rad/s<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:241.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">a. 15<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>c. 25 <span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>e. 40<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:241.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">b. 20<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>d. 30<span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">7.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Jika resultan gaya yang bekerja pada sebuah benda sama dengan nol, maka :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Benda tidak akan dipercepat<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Benda selalu diam<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Perubahan kecepatan benda nol<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo7"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Benda tidak mungkin bergerak lurus beraturan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Pernyataan yang benar ditunjukkan nomor ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo8"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">1, 2, dan 3<span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span>d. 4 saja<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo8"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">1 dan 3 saja<span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span>e. 1, 2, 3, dan 4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo8"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">2 dan 4 saja<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">8.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Benda bermassa 15 kg diletakkan dilantai licin dengan gaya gesekan diabaikan. Jika benda tersebut ditarik gaya mendatar sebesar 6 N, maka percepatan benda adalah ...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l11 level1 lfo9"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">0,4 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>b. 2,5 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>c. 9,0 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span>d. 21,0 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>e.90,0 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">9.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dua buah benda masing-masing massanya 2 kg dan 1 kg dihubungkan dengan tali dan ditarik dengan gaya tetap 24 N seperti gambar, maka besar tegangan tali penghubung kedua benda adalah ….<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo11"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1051" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:194.25pt;"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251851776;left:0px; margin-left:258px;margin-top:17px;width:64px;height:44px"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="64" height="44" bg style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:whitecolor:white;"><span style="position:absolute;mso-ignore:vglayout;left:0pt;z-index:251851776"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div shape="_x0000_s1051" style="padding:4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt" class="shape"> <p class="MsoNormal">2 kg</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1054" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:237.75pt;" connectortype="straight"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251854848;left:0px; margin-left:316px;margin-top:42px;width:57px;height:2px"><img width="57" height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1054" /></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1055" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position: absolute;z-index:251855872;left:0px;margin-left:429px;margin-top:37px; width:52px;height:12px"><img width="52" height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1055" /></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1052" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:279pt;"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251852800;left:0px; margin-left:371px;margin-top:17px;width:64px;height:44px"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="64" height="44" bg style="border:.75pt solid black; vertical-align:top;background:whitecolor:white;"><span style="position:absolute;mso-ignore:vglayout;left:0pt;z-index:251852800"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div shape="_x0000_s1052" style="padding:4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt" class="shape"> <p class="MsoNormal">1 kg</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">8 N<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo11"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">10 N<span style="mso-tab-count:6"> </span>T<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>F = 24 N<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo11"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1053" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251853824;left:0px;margin-left:231px; margin-top:13px;width:263px;height:2px"><img width="263" height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1053" /></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">12 N<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo11"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">15 N<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo11"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">16 N<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">10.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Pernyataan yang benar tentang gesekan bermanfaat untuk manusia adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo12"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Kita dapat berjalan tanpa terpeleset<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo12"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Mobil dapat bergerak<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo12"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Hancurnya benda langit saat jatuh ke bumi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo12"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Gesekan air saat berenang<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo12"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Gesekan antara roda sepeda dengan jalanan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">11.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Benda yang massanya 1 kg berada pada biang miring licin </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span lang="SV" style="';font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>α</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:7.5pt;height:16.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="10" height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>= 30<sup>0</sup>, jika gaya g = 10 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">, percepatan benda tersebut adalah ....</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo16"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">10 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>b. 5 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style=" line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>c. 5 </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><m:rad><m:radpr><m:deghide val="on"><span style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;"><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span style="'line-height:;font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:14.25pt;height:18pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="19" height="24" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span style=" line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>m/s</span><sup><span style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>d. 10</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:omath><m:rad><m:radpr><m:deghide val="on"><span style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;"><m:ctrlpr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:radPr><m:deg></m:deg><m:e><i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"><span style="'line-height:;font-size:12.0pt;"><m:r>3</m:r></span></i></m:e></m:rad></m:oMath><![endif]--><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; position:relative;top:5.5pt;mso-text-raise:-5.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:";font-size:11.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:14.25pt;height:18pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><img width="19" height="24" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><span style=" line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>m/s</span><sup><span style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>e. 8 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareastfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">12.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Sebuah katrol berbentuk silinder pejal dengan jari-jari R = 20 cm dan bermassa 10 kg digantung dua beban melalui tali seperti gambar. Percepatan benda yang diperoleh adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo13"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">4,5 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>b. 2,5 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> <span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>c. 2,05 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>d. 4,0 m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>e. 5,0 m/s</span><sup><span style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">13.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Pernyataan yang bukan menyebutkan tentang hukum III Newton adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo15"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Seorang anak melempar bola ke tembok, kemudian kembali ke anak<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo15"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Siswa mendorong meja belajarnya ke depan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo15"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Pekerja bangunan yang memukul-mukul paku ke tembok mengunakan palu <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo15"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Mobil yang berhenti lalu bergerak karena ada beberapa orang yang mendorong mobil tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo15"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Anak kecil yang mempunyai berat 15 kg membawa beban berukuran 20 kg<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">14.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dua benda masing-masing bermassa m</span><sub><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">1</span></sub><sub><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> </span></sub><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">= 4 kg dan m</span><sub><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language: SVfont-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sub><sub><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> </span></sub><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">= 4 kg dihubungkan dengan katrol (silinder pejal) yang massa 2 kg. Jika permukaan bidang miring AB licin, percepatan bendanya adalah ... m/s</span><sup><span style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:14.0pt;">2</span></sup><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo14"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">1<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>b. 1,5 <span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>c. 2<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>d. 2,2<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>e. 2,5 <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%; Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-21.3pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo1"><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">15.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Sebuah balok yang terletak di atas meja, gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada balok adalah gaya normal N, dan gaya berat <i>ω</i> (seperti gambar). Besar gaya normalnya (balok dalam keadaan diam) adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo10"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1050" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"> <v:stroke startarrow="block" endarrow="block"> </v:shape><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore:vglayout;position: absolute;z-index:251850752;left:0px;margin-left:334px;margin-top:15px; width:13px;height:74px"><img width="13" height="74" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1050" /></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1048" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251848704;left:0px;margin-left:316px; margin-top:16px;width:2px;height:48px"><img width="2" height="48" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1048" /></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1047" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251847680;left:0px;margin-left:365px; margin-top:16px;width:2px;height:48px"><img width="2" height="48" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1047" /></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1046" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251846656;left:0px;margin-left:316px; margin-top:16px;width:51px;height:2px"><img width="51" height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1046" /></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">N = 0<span style="mso-tab-count:6"> </span>N<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo10"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">N = <i>ω</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo10"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1049" type="#_x0000_t32" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" connectortype="straight"><![endif]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:251849728;left:0px;margin-left:283px; margin-top:20px;width:125px;height:2px"><img width="125" height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Acer/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1049" /></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">N = m<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:39.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo10"><span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman","serif";mso-ansi-language:SVfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">N = -<i> ω</i> <span style="mso-tab-count:5"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span lang="SV" style="line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: SV;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;">N = g<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span></span>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-13745311075047703642010-11-19T05:20:00.000-08:002012-07-08T20:34:08.257-07:007 Tokoh yang Terbunuh oleh Karyanya Sendiri<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">VIVAnews - </strong>Teknologi memang bisa memberikan kemudahan. Namun bila tak hati-hati, ia juga bisa membahayakan penggunanya. </div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Bak 'pagar makan tanaman', inovasi dan teknologi ternyata juga bisa mencelakakan, bahkan merenggut nyawa tuannya. Akhir September lalu, Jimi Heselden, pemilik perusahaan yang memproduksi Segway, sebuah kendaraan semacam <em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">scooter</em> yang populer di AS, tewas saat menumpangi kendaraan beroda dua itu. </div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Discovery</em> mengumpulkan kisah-kisah para penemu atau pemilik inovasi, yang tewas secara tragis oleh produk besutan mereka sendiri. Berikut ini para penemu atau pemilik inovasi yang tewas oleh inovasinya sendiri.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
1. <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">James Heselden </strong></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Pada 26 September 2010, James Heselden, pemilik perusahaan Inggris Hesco Bastion, perusahaan yang memproduksi Segway, meninggal akibat mengendarai kendaraan roda dua itu.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Menurut saksi mata, pria berusia 62 tahun itu terjatuh dari Segway dan tergelincir ke dalam jurang berkedalaman 30 kaki, hingga akhirnya jasad dan Segway-nya ditemukan di sungai, di dekat kediamannya di West Yorkshire, Inggris.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Segway" height="413" id="99880" src="http://media.vivanews.com/images/2010/11/19/99880_segway.jpg" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 9px; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Segway" width="550" /></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Ironisnya, kecelakaan tragis ini cuma selang sehari sebelum pengumuman sebuah riset yang mengungkapkan peningkatan angka kasus cidera akibat kecelakaan Segway, yang mayoritas korbannya adalah para pengendara Segway baru yang belum berpengalaman.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Harry Houdini</strong></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Harry Houdini" height="135" id="99881" src="http://media.vivanews.com/images/2010/11/19/99881_harry-houdini.jpg" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 9px; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Harry Houdini" width="180" />Siapa tak kenal dengan pesulap kondang ini. Harry Houdini, bukanlah pesulap yang menggunakan metoda tradisional. Ia terkenal dengan berbagai trik jenius yang ia ciptakan. Namun, ternyata Houdini meninggal akibat penyakit usus buntu gara-gara memamerkan trik fisik kepada penggemarnya.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Sebelum memulai sebuah pertunjukan, dikabarkan dua orang mahasiswa meminta Houdini untuk memperagakan trik kekuatan fisik, yakni menyerap pukulan-pukulan yang dilayangkan pada tubuh bagian atasnya tanpa terluka.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Karena menuruti permintaan itu, penyakit usus buntu yang telah diidap Houdini makin meradang dan bertambah parah. Pada 31 Oktober 1926, Houdini yang saat itu berusia 52 tahun, meninggal akibat operasi usus buntunya gagal. Houdini dikubur dibaringkan pada kotak tempat ia biasanya mempertontonkan trik ilusi terkenalnya: "<em style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">buried alive</em> (dikubur hidup-hidup)".</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Marie Curie</strong></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Berkat penemuannya, Marie Curie menjadi wanita pemenang penghargaan Nobel pertama sekaligus menjadi orang pertama yang memenangkan dua penghargaan Nobel sekaligus. Namun, Curie juga merupakan korban dari penemuan dan eksperimennya sendiri: unsur radioaktif.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Marie menemukan dua unsur radioaktif radium dan polonium. Ia giat sekali menggunakan radon, gas yang dihasilkan oleh unsur radium, untuk penyembuhan penyakit bagi para serdadu yang terluka pada perang dunia pertama.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Mary Curie" height="413" id="99882" src="http://media.vivanews.com/images/2010/11/19/99882_mary-curie.jpg" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 9px; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Mary Curie" width="550" /></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Belakangan, baru diketahui bahwa radon memiliki sisi yang mematikan. Setelah sekian lama berinteraksi dengan unsur mematikan itu, perlahan kesehatannya terus menurun. Akhirnya Curie meninggak pada 4 Juli 1934, di usia ke-66 tahun.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Ia meninggal akibat anemia aplastic, sebuah kondisi di mana sumsum tulang tidak lagi memproduksi sel darah yang baru. Hari ini dunia medis mencatatnya sebagai akibat dari paparan radiasi.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Thomas Andrews</strong></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Bangkai kapal Titanic di dasar laut Atlantik Utara" height="139" id="93541" src="http://media.vivanews.com/images/2010/07/28/93541_bangkai-kapal-titanic-di-dasar-laut-atlantik-utara.jpg" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: 9px; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Bangkai kapal Titanic di dasar laut Atlantik Utara" width="185" />Thomas Andrews adalah salah seorang arsitek kapal Titanic, asal Irlandia yang saat itu berusia 39 tahun. Sebagai seorang pembuat kapal yang bertugas mengawal kapal besutannya, Andrews turut dalam perjalanan perdana Titanic. </div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Pada 15 April 1912, akhirnya, sampai akhir hayatnya, Thomas pun 'mengiringi' ajal kapal besar itu bersama para penumpang lainnya.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Horace Lawson Hunley</strong></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Hunley adalah seorang legislator, pengacara, sekaligus insinyur marinirbagi tentara konfederasi AS. Dan penemuan terkenalnya adalah: kapal selam, yang digunakan pada perang saudara Amerika Serikat. </div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Horace Lawson Hunley, penemu Kapal selam pertama" height="413" id="99883" src="http://media.vivanews.com/images/2010/11/19/99883_horace-lawson-hunley--penemu-kapal-selam-pertama.jpg" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 9px; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Horace Lawson Hunley, penemu Kapal selam pertama" width="550" /></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Namun, saat itu penemuan Hunley memang belum memiliki standar pengamanan yang cukup bagi manusia. Lima dari sembilan anak buah kapal selam saat itu, meninggal pada misi penyelaman perdana. </div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Pada 15 Oktober 1863, Hunley sendiri pada akhirnya turut ambil bagian pada ujicoba kedua, yakni dengan misi penyerangan terhadap pemblokiran kelompok Union di Charleston Harbour. Pada ujicoba kedua ini, semua kru kapal selam termasuk Hunley yang saat itu berusia 40 tahun, meninggal. </div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Tentara-tentara konfederasi berhasil mengambil bangkai kapal selam dan memperbaiki kapal selam ini. Pada ujicoba ketiga, akhirnya kapal selam berhasil menenggelamkan sebuah kapal milik Union. </div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Sayangnya, keberhasilan itu tak dapat dirayakan oleh para kru, mengingat pada akhirnya kapal selam itu tiba-tiba tenggelam bersama seluruh krunya. Setelah hilang selama 132 tahun, akhirnya jenazah Hunley ditemukan di dasar Samudra Atlantik, di dekat Charleston Harbour.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Alexander Bogdanov</strong></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Tak banyak yang mengenal nama ini. Namun, temuannya sangat penting bagi dunia kedokteran: transfusi darah. Bogdanov, yang juga seorang ekonom, profesor, dokter, dan pendiri Bolshevisme, mencoba untuk menyediakan transfusi darah secara terus menerus.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Pada 1928, Bogdanov berhasil mengujikan alat transfusi ini pada dirinya hingga 11 kantung. Namun, yang ke 12 ternyata fatal, Bogdanov kemudian meninggal. Para peneliti terbelah mengenai penyebab meninggalnya ilmuwan 55 tahun itu. Ada yang mengatakan ia terkena penyakit infeksi darah, inkompatibitas jenis darah, atau bahkan bunuh diri.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7. William Bullock</strong></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
William Bullock adalah pria kelahiran New York, tahun 1813, yang menemukan alat press cetak putar. Alat ini bekerja mengepres dengan memutar rol kertas secara kontinyu.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Mesin pres cetak buatan William Bullock" height="413" id="99884" src="http://media.vivanews.com/images/2010/11/19/99884_mesin-pres-cetak-buatan-william-bullock.jpg" style="background-color: #eeeeee; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #666666; float: left; font-family: inherit; font-size: 9px; font-style: inherit; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Mesin pres cetak buatan William Bullock" width="550" /></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Kisah legenda yang berkembang, kemudian menyebutkan Bullock secara tak sengaja tubuhnya tertarik oleh putaran mesin. Kakinya luka oleh mesin ini. Belakangan pria yang saat itu berusia 54 tahun itu, mengalami infeksi dan tak lama kemudian ia meninggal dengan kakinya yang telah membusuk.</div>
</span></div>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-18959913553098494062010-11-10T21:32:00.000-08:002010-11-10T21:55:20.415-08:00TRU OUT FISIKA 1 2010/2011<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">1. Seseorang dengan posisi awal di A , berjalan ke timur sejauh 100 m, kemudian berbelok ke utara sejauh 40 m, kemudian ke barat sejauh 40 m, dilanjutkan ke utara sejauh 40 m lagi hingga berhenti di B. Perpindahan yang dilakukan orang tersebut sebesar....</span><br /><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">100 m</span></span><br /><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">120 m</span></span><br /><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">180 m</span></span><br /><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">200 m</span></span><br /><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">220 m</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">ebuah mobil direm dengan perlambatan konstan dari kelajuan 25 m/s menjadi 15 m/s dalam jarak 40 m. Jika akhirnya mobil tersebut berhenti maka jarak total yang ditempuh mobil adalah....</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">40 m</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">62,5 m</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">80,5 m</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">102 m</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">130 m</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">3. Dua buah benda A dan B masing-masing berada pada 2R dan 3R dari permukaan bumi dengan R adalah jari-jari bumi. Jika percepatan gravitasi bumi yang dialami A dan B masing-masing sebesar X dan Y maka X : Y adalah....</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">4 : 9</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">9 : 16</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">3 : 4</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1 : 1</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; line-height: 72px; "><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">16 : 9</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Dari percobaan benda bergerak lurus diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Jika benda mula-mula diam maka usaha terbesar dilakukan oleh benda ….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" style="text-align: justify;border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; "><tbody><tr><td width="55" valign="top" style="width:41.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Benda</span><o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td width="197" valign="top" style="width:147.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><b><span>Massa (kg)</span><o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td width="204" valign="top" style="width:153.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><b><span>Kecepatan (m/s)</span><o:p></o:p></b></p></td></tr><tr><td width="55" valign="top" style="width:41.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>A</span></p></td><td width="197" valign="top" style="width:147.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>2</span></p></td><td width="204" valign="top" style="width:153.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>9</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="55" valign="top" style="width:41.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>B</span></p></td><td width="197" valign="top" style="width:147.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>4</span></p></td><td width="204" valign="top" style="width:153.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>5</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="55" valign="top" style="width:41.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>C</span></p></td><td width="197" valign="top" style="width:147.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>8</span></p></td><td width="204" valign="top" style="width:153.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>4</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="55" valign="top" style="width:41.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>D</span></p></td><td width="197" valign="top" style="width:147.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>10</span></p></td><td width="204" valign="top" style="width:153.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>3</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="55" valign="top" style="width:41.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>E</span></p></td><td width="197" valign="top" style="width:147.5pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>16</span></p></td><td width="204" valign="top" style="width:153.0pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;mso-element:frame; mso-element-frame-hspace:9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-element-anchor-horizontal:column;mso-element-left:center; mso-element-top:.05pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span>2</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="8" type="1"><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A</span></span></span></li></ol><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">B</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">D</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">E</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Sebanyak 50 gram es pada suhu 0</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C dimasukkan ke dalam 250 gram air yang bersuhu 20</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C. Jika kalor lebur es 76 kal/gr dan kalor jenis air 1 kal/gr</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C, maka suhu akhir campurannya adalah …..</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a. 0 </span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b. 1</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c. 2</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d. 3</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e. 4</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Sejumlah partikel gas ideal dimampatkan secara isotermok sampai volumenya menjadi seperempat dari semula, maka akan terjadi perubahan</span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">……</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">a. tekanan dan suhunya menjadi seperempat</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">b. tekanan menjadi empat kali dan suhunya menjadi seperempat kali</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">c. tekanan tetap dan suhunya menjadi empat kali</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">d. tekanan menjadi empat kali dan suhunya tetap</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">e. tekanan dan suhunya tetap</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Setiap partikel gas ideal selalu bergerakdengan energi kineticnya. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi energi knetik gas ideal antara lain …..</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">(1) jarak antara partikel gas</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">(2) suhu gas</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">(3) ukuran volume partikel gas</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">(4) derajat kebebasan gerak gas</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Pernyataan yang benar adalah ……</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1,2 dan 3</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1 dan 3</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2 dan 4</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">4 saja</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1,2,3 dan 4</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Sebuah mikroskop mempunyai lensa objektif berjarak 13 cm dari okulernya. Diketahui jarak titik api lensa objektif 0,9 cm, sedangkan jarak focus lensa okuler 5 cm. Perbesaran benda yang terletak 1 cm dari lensa objektif sebesar … kali.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">20</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">35</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">45</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">50</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">65</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Seberkas cahaya monokromatik dijatuhkan pada kisi difraksi dengan 5000 goresan/cm menghasilkan spectrum garis terang orde kedua membentuk sudut 30</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">o</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> terhadap garis normalnya. Panjang gelombang cahaya yang digunakan adalah ….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a. 5 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-3</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> mm</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b. 5 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-4</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> mm</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c. 5 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-5</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> mm</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d. 6 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-4</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> mm</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e. 6 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-5</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> mm</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Taraf intensitas bunyi 10 sepeda motor sejenis secara bersamaan adalah 40 dB. Jika intensitas ambang bunyi 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-12</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> w/m</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, maka intensitas sebuah sepedamotor adalah ….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a. 1x10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-9</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> w/m</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2</span></sup></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b. 3x10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-9</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> w/m</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2</span></sup></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c. 4x10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-9</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> w/m</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2</span></sup></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d. 1x10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-15</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> w/m</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2</span></sup></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e. 1x10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">9</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> w/m</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2</span></sup></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Suatu sumber bunyi bergerak relative terhadap pendengar yang diam. Bila cepat rambat bunyi di udara 325 m/s dan kecepatan sumber bunyi 25 m/s, maka perbandingan frekuensi yang diterima pendengar pada saat sumber bunyi menjauhi dan mendekati adalah ….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">a. 5 : 4</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">b. 6 : 5</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">c. 7 : 6</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">d. 6 : 7</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">e. 5 : 6</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Dua buah muatan listrik P dan Q masing-masing 20 uC dan 45 uC terpisah pada jarak 15 cm. Letak sebuah titik A yang kuat medan listriknya nol adalah ….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">a. 7 cm dari P dan 8 cm dari Q</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">b. 8 cm dari P dan 7 cm dari Q</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">c. 5 cm dari P dan 10 cm dari Q</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">d. 9 cm dari P dan 6 cm dari Q</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">e. 6 cm dari P dan 9 cm dari Q</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kapasitas kapasitor keping sejajar adalah ….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">a. jarak kedua keping dan luas penampang</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">b. luas penampang keeping dan hambatan listrik</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">c. muatan listrik dan hambatan listrik</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">d. jarak kedua keping dan hambatan listrik</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">e. bahan keping dan muatan listrik</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Dalam waktu 0,1 s sebuah kumparan mengalami perubahan fluks sebesar 2,5 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> -3</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> weber. Jika kumparan tersebut memiliki 200 lilitan maka ggl induksi yang timbul sebesar....</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">80 V</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">50 V</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">5,0 V</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">0,8 V</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">0,5 V</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Pernyataan di bawah ini yang sesuai dengan kesimpulan percobaan hamburan Rutherford adalah ….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">a. atom tidak dapat dibagi lagi</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">b. muatan positif terbagi merata keseluruh bagian atom</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">c. muatan positif terkumpul pada satu titik yang terpusat di tengah atom</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">d. electron-elektron tersebar diseluruh bagian atom secara merata</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">e. electron dapat berpindah dari kulit satu ke kulit lain dengan melepas atau menyerap foton</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Tingkat energy atom hydrogen menurut model atom Bohr,bila electron berpindah dari kulit 1 ke kulit 2, maka electron tersebut akan memancarkan energy sebesar …..</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">a. 1,6 eV</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">b. 2,25 eV</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">c. 3,6 eV</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">d. 4,8 eV</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">e. 10,2 eV</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Generator pembangkit listrik AC mempunyai kumparan berbentuk persegi panjang dengan ukuran panjang 40 cm dan lebar 20 cm terdiri dari 300 lilitan diputar dengan kecepatan sudut 50 rad/s dalam medan magnet 0,5 tesla. Pada ujung-ujung kumparan akan timbul ggl</span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">maksimum sebesar …..</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">a. 40 volt</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">b. 60 volt</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">c. 400 volt</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">d. 600 volt</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">e. 800 volt</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Sebuah bola yang massanya 1,32 gram bergerak dengan kecepatan 50 m/s. Jika konstantan Planck 6,6 x 10 </span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-34</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> J s , maka panjang gelombang de Broglie yang dihasilkan adalah....</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; line-height: 72px; "><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">9,0 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-35</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> m/s</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; line-height: 72px; "><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1,0 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-34</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> m/s</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; line-height: 72px; "><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1,2 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-34</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> m/s</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; line-height: 72px; "><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2,2 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-34</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> m/s</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; line-height: 72px; "><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; line-height: 72px; "><span lang="SV" style="line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV" style=" line-height:150%;mso-ansi-language:SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">3,3 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-34</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> m/s</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Energy cahaya yang terpancar dengan panjang gelombang 540 nm dalam setiap sekonnya adalah 2,2 J ( h = 6,6 x 10 </span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">-34</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> J s ). Jika cepat rambat cahaya 3 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">8</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> m/s ,maka banyaknya foton yang dipancarkan adalah… foton.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">4,8 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">18</span></sup></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">6,0 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">18</span></sup></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">6,6 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">18</span></sup></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">7,8 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">18</span></sup></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">8,0 x 10</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">18</span></sup></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Massa inti kalsium ( </span><sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">20</span></sub><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Ca </span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">40</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> ) adalah 40,078 sma, sedangkan massa proton 1,007 sma dan massa neutron 1,009. Jika 1 sma setara dengan 931 MeV maka energy ikat inti atom kalsium adalah….</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">398,734 MeV</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">289,541 MeV</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">283,024 MeV</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">225,302 MeV</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">103,560 MeV</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Karena sinar radioaktif mempunyai daya tembus dan daya ionisasi yang tinggi maka radioisotop digunakan diantaranya untuk :</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Mengukur ketebalan kertas/plat</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Membunuh sel kanker</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">3.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Mengubah sifat fisika kimia dan biologi</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">4.</span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Membunuh bakteri</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Dari ke empat aplikasi tersebut yang digunakan dalam bidang industri adalah....</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1,2, 3 dan 4</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2 , 3, dan 4</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">3 dan 4</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1, 3, dan4</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span lang="SV"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1, 2, dan 3</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Massa unsur radioaktif P mula-mula X gram dengan waktu paruh 4 hari. Setelah 16 hari unsur yang tersisa Y gram. Perbandingan antara X : Y = ……</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">a.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1:16</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">b.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1:8</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">c.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">4:1</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">d.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">8:1</span></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">e.</span><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">16:1</span></span></span><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="8" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="7" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="6" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="5" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="4" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="3" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="2" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="2" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="3" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="2" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="3" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="2" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> </ol><ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1"> </ol></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="SV"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; "><span lang="SV"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .75in left 81.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:49.5pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;tab-stops:81.0pt"><span><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> </span><p></p></span><p></p><p></p><p></p></div>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8728416047830124943.post-6766147643541009202010-11-06T08:11:00.000-07:002010-11-06T08:14:01.365-07:00Sejarah Erupsi Merapi<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Berdasarkan sejarah, Gunung Merapi mulai tampil sebagai gunung api sejak tahun 1006, ketika itu tercatat sebagai letusannya yang pertama (Data Dasar Guungapi Indonesia, 1979). Sampai Letusan Februari 2001, sudah tercatat meletus sebanyak 82 kejadian. Secara rata-rata Merapi meletus dalam siklus pendek yang terjadi setiap antara 2 – 5 tahun, sedangkan siklus menengah setiap 5 – 7 tahun. Siklus terpanjang pernah tercatat setelah mengalami istirahat selama >30 tahun, terutama pada masa awal keberadaannya sebagai gunungapi. Memasuki abad 16 catatan kegiatan Merapi mulai kontinyu dan terlihat bahwa, siklus terpanjang pernah dicapai selama 71 tahun ketika jeda antara tahun 1587 dan kegiatan 1658.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Eropsi Gunung Merapi selalu dilalui dengan proses yang panjang yang dimulai dengan pembentukan kubah, guguran lava pijar, awanpanas yang secara definisi</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">sesungguhnya awal dari erupsi tipe efusif. Di bawah ini ditampilkan tabel yang memuat waktu letusan dan lamanya letusan tersebut yang dihitung sejak masa awal proses erupsi hingga letusan puncak secara menyeluruh</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> </span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Tabel 1. Daftar masa letusan, lamanya kegiatan, dan masa istirahat Gunung Merapi</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">sejak tahun 1871 (Suparto S. Siswowidjojo, 1997, disempurnakan)</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> </span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; "><tbody><tr style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><td width="117" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 87.65pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: windowtext; border-right-color: windowtext; border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-left-color: windowtext; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Tahun</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Kegiatan</span></p></td><td width="105" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 78.85pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: medium; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Lamanya</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Kegiatan (tahun)</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 99pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: medium; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Masa Istirahat/</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Lama Istirahat (tahun)</span></p></td><td width="170" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 127.2pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: medium; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Waktu Letusan Puncak</span></p></td></tr><tr style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><td width="117" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 87.65pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-width: medium; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: 1pt; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> 1871-1872 (*)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1878-1879</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1882-1885</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1886-1888</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1890-1891</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1892-1894</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1898-1899</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1900-1907</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1908-1913</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1914-1915</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1917-1918</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> 1920-1924 (*)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> 1930-1935 (*)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1939-1940</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1942-1943</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1948-1949</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> 1953-1954 (*)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1956-1957</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1960-1962</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> 1967-1969 (*)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1972-1974</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1975-1985</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1986-1987</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1992-1993</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1993-1994</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1996-1997</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1998</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">2000-2001</span></p></td><td width="105" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 78.85pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: medium; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">3</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">3</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">7</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">5</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">4</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">5</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">10</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1 bln</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 99pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: medium; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1872-1878/6</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1878-1881/3</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1885-1886/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1888-1890/2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1891-1892/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1894-1898/4</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1899-1900/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1907-1908/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1913-1914/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1915-1917/2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1918-1920/2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1924-1930/6</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1935-1939/4</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1940-1942/2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1943-1948/5</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1949-1953/4</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1954-1956/2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1957-1960/3</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1962-1967/5</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1969-1972/3</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1974-1975/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1985-1986/7</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1986-1987/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1987-1992/5</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1993/5 bln</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1994-1996/2</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1997-1998/1</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">1998-2000/2</span></p></td><td width="170" valign="top" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); width: 127.2pt; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal tahoma; padding-top: 0in; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: none; border-top-width: medium; border-right-width: 1pt; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-width: medium; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">15 April 1872</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Dalam tahun 1879</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Januari 1883</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Dalam tahun 1885</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Agustus 1891</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Oktober 1894</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Dalam tahun 1898</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Terjadi tiap tahun</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Dalam tahun 1909</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Maret-Mei 1915</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Februari, April 1922</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">18 Des ’30, 27 Apr’34</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">23 Des.’39, 24 Jan’40</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Juni 1942</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">29 September 1948</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">18 Januari 1954</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">3 Januari 1953</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">8 Mei 1961</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">8 Januari 1969</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">13 Desember 1972</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">15 Juni 1984</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">10 Oktober 1986</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">2 Februari 1992</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">22 November 1994</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">14,17 Januari 1997</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">11,19 Juli 1998</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">10 Februari 2001</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Referensai Utama Direktorat Vulkanologi Data Dasar Gunung api Indonesia 1979, B. Voight, R.Sukhyar dan A.D. Wirakusumah Journal of volcanology and geothermal research Volume 100, 2000, J.A. Katili, Suparto S. Pemantauan Gunungapi di Indonesia dan Filipina, 1995</span></p><br /><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Karakter dan Gejala Letusan</span></strong><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Sejak awal sejarah letusan Gunung Merapi sudah tercatat bahwa tipe letusannya adalah pertumbuhan kubah lava kemudian gugur dan menghasilkan awanpanas guguran yang dikenal dengan Tipe Merapi (Merapi Type). Kejadiannya adalah kubahlava yang tumbuh di puncak dalam suatu waktu karena posisinya tidak stabil atau terdesak oleh magma dari dalam dan runtuh yang diikuti oleh guguran lava pijar. Dalam volume besar akan berubah menjadi awanpanas guguran (rock avalance), atau penduduk sekitar Merapi mengenalnya dengan sebutan wedhus gembel, berupa campuran material berukuran debu hingga blok bersuhu tinggi (>700oC) dalam terjangan turbulensi meluncur dengan kecepatan tinggi (100 km/jam) ke dalam lembah. Puncak letusan umumnya berupa penghancuran kubah yang didahului dengan letusan eksplosif disertai awanpanas guguran akibat hancurnya kubah. Secara bertahap, akan terbentuk kubahlava yang baru.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Hartman (1935) membuat simpulan tentang siklus letusan Gunung Merapi dalam 4 kronologi yaitu:</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Kronologi 1.</span></em></strong></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Diawali dengan satu letusan kecil sebagai ektrusi lava. Fase utama berupa pembentukan kubahlava hingga mencapai volume besar kemudian berhenti. Siklus ini berakhir dengan proses guguran lava pijar yang berasal dari kubah yang terkadang disertai dengan awanpanas kecil yang berlangsung hingga bulanan.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Kronologi 2.</span></em></strong></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Kubahlava sudah sudah terbentuk sebelumnya di puncak. Fase utama berupa letusan bertipe vulkanian dan menghancurkan kubah yang ada dan menghasilkan awanpanas. Kronologi 2 ini berakhir dengan tumbuhnya kubah yang baru. Kubah yang baru tersebut menerobos tempat lain di puncak atau sekitar puncak atau tumbuh pada bekas kubah yang dilongsorkan sebelumnya.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Kronologi 3.</span></em></strong></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Mirip dengan kronologi 2, yang membedakan adalah tidak terdapat kubah di puncak, tetapi kawah tersumbat. Akibatnya fase utama terjadi dengan letusan vulkanian disertai dengan awanpanas besar (tipe St. Vincent ?). Sebagai fase akhir akan terbentu kubah yang baru.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Kronologi 4.</span></em></strong></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Diawali dengan letusan kecil dan berlanjut dengan terbentuknya sumbatlava sebagai fase utama yang diikuti dengan letusan vertikal yang besar disertai awanpanas dan asap letusan yang tinggi yang merupakan fase yang terakhir.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Pada kenyataannya, terutama sejak dilakukan pemantauan yang teliti yang dimulai dalam tahun 1984, batasan setiap kronologi tersebut sering tidak jelas bahkan bisa jadi dalam satu siklus letusan berlangsung dua kronologi secara bersamaan, seperti pada Letusan 1984.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, sejak 1984 ketika sinyal data dapat dikirim melalui pemancar radio (radio telemetry) sistem tersebut mulai dipergunakan dalam mengamati aktivitas gunungapi di Indonesia, termasuk di Gunung Merapi. Dan sejak saat itu gejala awal letusan lebih akurat karena semua sensor dapat ditempatkan sedekat mungkin dengan pusat kegiatan tergantung kekuatan pemancar yang dipergunakan, secara normal dapat menjangkau hingga jarak antara 25 – 40 km.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Hampir setiap letusan Gunung Merapi, terutama sejak diamati dengan seksama yang dimulai tahun 80-an, selalu diawali dengan gejala yang jelas. Secara umum peningkatan kegiatan lazimnya diawali dengan terekamnya gempabumi vulkanik-dalam (tipe A) disusul kemudian munculnya gempa vulkanik-dangkal (tipe B) sebagai realisasi migrasinya fluida ke arah permukaan. Ketika kubah mulai terbentuk, gempa fase banyak (MP) mulai terekam diikuti dengan makin besarnya jumlah gempa guguran akibat meningkatnya guguran lava. Dalam kondisi demikian, tubuh Merapi mulai terdesak dan mengembang yang dimonitor dengan pengamatan deformasi.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Sebagai contoh kasus, berikut ini ditampilkan secara lengkap hasil rekaman seismograf dan tiltmeter yang memonitor kegiatan vulkanik Gunung Merapi pada Kegiatan 2000-2001.</span></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Daftar Pustaka</span></em></strong></p><div align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="font-family: Tahoma, verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; "><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: black; ">Karakteristik Gunungapi, 2000, BPPTK</span></em></strong></p></span>Intan Irawatihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11266929070730739458noreply@blogger.com0